The former borders of our state. Russian states of the 16th century Detailed map of Rus' of the 16th century
Name option Russia(similar to Greek Ρωσία ), formed according to the Greco-Roman tradition coming from antiquity by adding to the base, in this case, Rus(s), suffix - ia .
Besides Latin Russia And Ruthenia Western authors, under the influence of the Greeks, wrote in Latin, using the letter “o”, and the original Greek form of the name Rus - Russia. It was first used in 1142 by the German chronicler Otto of Fresingen. In the French “History of Jerusalem” of the 12th century. mentioned de Rossie, at the beginning of the 13th century. Emperor Frederick II, the Hungarian and Czech kings write in their letters Russia. Byzantinist prof. A.V. Solovyov believed that this vowel spread in the West “as a result of the development of Venetian-Byzantine trade and diplomatic relations.” Form Russia used Rubrukvis in his story about the journey of 1253; in the Venetian Marco Polo's Book of Wonders of the World, considered the original French manuscript, Rosie is mentioned eight times and Rosée once. “In the best Italian manuscript it is written in all nine places: Rosia,” etc.
A consequence of active Italian-Greek ties was the subsequent appearance of the name Russia and on Western European nautical charts, portolans, compiled in the XIV-XV centuries. cartographers of Venice and Catalonia (an area in northeastern Spain bordering the Mediterranean Sea). This tradition, which became characteristic of Venice, persisted for a very long time. Let's look at the examples in chronological order, citing fragments of the corresponding maps. Notes: for orientation to the cardinal points, most of the fragments are cut out so that they contain the outlines of the northern coast of the Black Sea and Crimea; both spellings Russia, with a capital letter, and with a lowercase letter, rossia, reproduced in the text according to the originals. All inscriptions with Russia, except for the largest ones, are highlighted with underlining to make searching easier.
Map of Angelino Dulcerta 1339(Fig.1).
On the Catalan map of Angelino Dulcerta (Angelino Dulcert) 1339, on the right side of the fragment there is a large inscription RUTENIA. To the left of it is the inscription Montes Rossie (mountains of Russia) and a picture of the mountains from which the Dnieper flows towards the Black Sea. Below the “mountains of Russia” there are several more small inscriptions Russia. To the left of the “mountains of Russia” the following cities are depicted: Rostov - rostaoⱱ, Ryazan - rasanpaslao, above the “mountains”, that is, to the south, Moscow - moscaoⱱ. In the lower right corner of the fragment: Veliky Novgorod - nogardo.
Map of the Pizigani brothers 1367(Fig.2).
On the map of the Venetians Francesco and Domenico Pizigani ( Pizigani) 1367 inscriptions: Russia, Rutenia qu Russia and, twice, Rutenia q Russia, Where qu And q are short for quasi. This can be translated as Ruthenium possibly Russia, that is, for some reason the map compilers were not sure of the correctness of such an equalization of the names of one country. Perhaps due to the habit of purely Latin Rutenia.
Catalan Atlas of Abraham Cresca 1375(Fig.3).
Catalan Atlas by Abraham Cresca (Abraham Cresques) 1375 has a red and blue inscription RUSSIA(right edge of the fragment). To the left are mountains labeled: munt lussomderossia. At the bottom edge of the fragment are marked Tver – tifer, Rostov - rostaoⱱ .
Map of Guillem Soler 1380(Fig.4).
On the map of the Catalan Guillem Soler (Guillemmus Soleri) 1380 north of the Black Sea, near the source of the Dnieper inscription Russia.
Map of 1400
A photograph of the original or a copy of the mentioned A.V. Solovyov, without indicating the authorship of the map of 1400, on which “the sovereign is depicted in a tent over Moscow, with the inscription: rex Rossiae.” , we were unable to find it on the Internet.
Map of Andrea Bianco 1436 (Fig.5) .
On the world map of the Venetian Andrea Bianco (Andrea Bianco) 1436 we see two inscriptions rosie, and under the image of a tent with the Moscow prince seated in it - imperio rosie magna (Russia the Great Empire).
Fra Mauro's map of 1459 (Fig.6).
On the world map of the Venetian monk Fra Mauro (Fra Mauro) 1459 two large inscriptions RUSSIA green-brown paint. Inscribed in a mixture of red and blue letters: south of Lithuania, between the Dnieper and Don - ROSSIA ROSSA (Russia Krasnaya, Chervonnaya), to the left and down from it, on the other side of the Don - ROSSIA NEGRA (Russia Black), to the left of the last one, even further to the northeast is placed RUSSIA BIANCHA (Russia White).
Map by Paolo Toscanelli 1475 (Fig.7).
On the world map of the Florentine scientist Paolo Toscanelli (Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli) along the Dnieper from north to south there is an inscription Russia. Also Russia with a double “ss” written through the letter “ß”, Roß ia(its right side in this case is smoothed out and more closely resembles P), is listed near the Dniester.
Map by Giacomo Gastaldi 1548(ill.8).
On printed edition MOSCHOVIA NOVATABULA (New map Muscovy) Venetian cartographer Giacomo Gastaldi (Giacomo Gastaldi) 1548 name RUSSIABLANKA placed between Vel. Novgorod (Nougardia) and Kholmogory (Colmogora) . RUSSIAROSSA is listed west of the Dnieper. Also in this example we note that Muscovy appears on the maps of Italian, as well as other Western cartographers, quite late, only in the 16th century.
Map of Girolamo Ruscelli 1560(ill.9) .
Map POLONIA ET HUNGARIA NUOVA TAVOLA (New map of Poland and Hungary) Girolamo Ruschelli (Girolamo Ruscelli), printed in Venice in 1560, places RUSSIAROSSA east of Volyn (VOLHINIA) , at a great distance from the Dnieper (Neper) .
How did the borders of Muscovite Rus' change during the reign of Ivan the Terrible? This is best told by maps showing the borders of Russian lands at the beginning and end of his reign.
Russia under Ivan the Terrible expanded its territory, capturing the Volga along its entire length, annexing the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates. This allowed Russian merchants to sail to Persia and trade with the countries of Central Asia. However, not everything planned by Tsar Ivan was realized during his reign. Thus, the Russian state needed access to the Baltic Sea, but the lands of the Baltic states were seized by German knights back in the 13th century. Having started the Livonian War, Ivan the Terrible put an end to the Livonian Order, but one enemy was replaced by another: Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth entered the war against Russia. The Semigrad governor Stefan Batory, elected with the assistance of the Turkish Sultan to the Polish throne, began campaigns in 1379 with the aim of capturing the western regions of Rus'. At this time, the Swedes captured the important trading port of Narva for the Russians. In 1581, Batory besieged Pskov, but the heroic defenders of the city managed to repel the attack of the enemy hordes, which forced Batory to enter into peace negotiations. Russia was forced to cede the Baltic states to the Poles, and the annexation of the Baltic states to Russia was realized only in the 18th century.
The annexation of the Volga region also created the preconditions for further development of lands in the east. Now the path lay in Siberia, which attracted huge reserves of furs. In the 50s of the 16th century, the Siberian Khan Ediger recognized himself as a vassal of Russia, but Khan Kuchum, who then came to power, broke off these relations. The merchants and industrialists Stroganovs played a major role in the advance to Siberia, who received extensive possessions along the Kama and Chusovaya rivers. To protect their possessions, they built a number of fortified cities and created military garrisons populated by “hunting people” - Cossacks. Around 1581-1582 (there is disagreement regarding this date), the Stroganovs equipped a military expedition of Cossacks and military men from the cities beyond the Urals. The head of this detachment (about 600 people) was Ataman Ermak Timofeevich.
Having crossed the Ural Mountains, he reached the Irtysh, and a decisive battle took place near the capital of Kuchum - Kashlyk. The Khan's multi-tribal army could not withstand the Cossack onslaught and fled. Ermak entered Kashlyk and began to collect yasak (tribute) from the Siberian inhabitants. However, the victory of the Cossacks turned out to be fragile, and a few years later Ermak died. His campaign did not lead to the direct annexation of Siberia, but a beginning was made for this. Since the second half of the 80s, cities and fortresses have been built in the western part of Siberia: Tyumen, Tobolsk fort, Surgut, Tomsk. Tobolsk becomes the administrative center of Siberia, where a governor was appointed.
Upon ascending the throne, John inherited 2.8 million square meters. km, and as a result of his rule, the territory of the state almost doubled - to 5.4 million square meters. km - a little more than the rest of Europe. During the same time, the population grew by 30-50% and amounted to 10-12 million people.
Both cards are clickable. Scale - 1:12 000 000
1. The Russian state in the year of Ivan the Terrible’s accession to the Grand Duke’s throne in 1545. 
It is worth noting the inaccuracy on the second map - in 1581 the Swedes captured Ivangorod, Yam and Koporye. In 1583, the Russian state was forced to sign the difficult Truce of Plus, according to which almost all the lands near the Gulf of Finland, including the indicated fortresses, were ceded to Sweden. The Moscow government could not come to terms with such a development of events. In 1590, hostilities resumed. Russian troops managed to regain the lost fortresses. Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, who took personal part in the campaign, wrote to the Danish king: “Sowing the winter of his fatherland in the suburban lands of the cities of Ivangorod and Yama. They took Koporya.” In 1591, the Swedes made an unsuccessful attempt to recapture Koporye. So, in January 1591, the Swedes, numbering 14 thousand people, approached the fortress, but were forced to retreat. In 1595, an “eternal peace” was concluded between Russia and Sweden.
Thus, the second map reflects the boundaries as of 1590, not 1584.
2. The Russian state in the year of the death of Ivan the Terrible in 1584 
According to the reconstruction of the chronology carried out by A.T. Fomenko and G.V. Nosovsky, in the 16th century Rus' extended over four continents and included the territories of Eurasia, northern Africa and more than half of the territory of Northern and South America.
After the collapse of Rus' at the beginning of the 17th century, the rulers of the new states created on its former territories began rewrite history. This course of events now surprises few people - many are accustomed to it, because history in our time has been rewritten many times and continues to be rewritten.
The interpretation of history needed by the authorities is a powerful tool for controlling the consciousness of society. The newly appointed rulers of the former territories of Rus' really wanted to forget about their subordinate position in the past and, more importantly, they wanted to hide the circumstances of their rise to power. After all, the split of a single country occurred through the overthrow of the legitimate leadership.
To give the appearance of legitimacy to the new government, Scaligerian historians had to invent myth about the “Mongol-Tatar” conquest of the world. Materials confirming that this is true myth, there are already a lot of people who are interested, we refer them to the publications “We are dropping charges against the Mongol-Tatars...”, “What was covered up by the Tatar-Mongol yoke?”
Considering that the vast majority of the invented “Mongol-Tatars” were actually carriers of Rus genetics and they spoke Russian, it is even possible to determine the borders of Rus' in the 16th century based on official data. To do this, it is necessary to put on the map what the myth-makers of history were embarrassed to do. A.T. Fomenko and G.V. Nosovsky do this in their book “ Calif Ivan". They took two maps of Scaligerian historians: 1260 (Fig. 1) and 1310 (Fig. 2) and combined information from these maps, highlighting the “Mongol-Tatar” Empire in dark color (Fig. 3).
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It turned out Empire as of the 14th century. 
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Further, the creators of the new chronology note interesting fact- Scaligerian historians indicate with arrows the further advance of the “Tatar-Mongols” to Western Europe, Egypt, India, Japan, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Burma, Indonesia, but carefully limit themselves to this! There are marching arrows, but the outcome of these campaigns is missing. Like, there is no special outcome. Such caution is understandable, because if this result is plotted on a map, it will become very impressive. According to research by A.T. Fomenko and G.V. Nosovsky in the 16th century Empire also included large areas of North and South America. The result of the conquest is shown in Figure 4.
There are many facts confirming the existence of Rus', which was huge by today’s standards in the Middle Ages. It is little known, but it is a fact that French kings swore an oath on a sacred book written in Old Church Slavonic language, and the Patriarch of Jerusalem gave Charlemagne a cross covered with Russians inscriptions.
Another very significant example is given in the book by A.T. Fomenko and G.V. Nosovsky " Tatar-Mongol yoke: who conquered whom". Distances from the capital of Rus' - the city Vladimir- to many capitals and cities now of other states, and previously governorships in the territories of the colonies of Rus', is subject to a certain pattern.
In order to determine exactly what pattern is observed in the distances from the capital of Rus' to the “regional centers,” let’s put ourselves in the place of the conquerors. But before doing this, we note one important circumstance - the level of development of civilization of the annexed territories was much lower than the level of Rus' (some lands were practically uninhabited), therefore large settlements we, as conquerors, will have to build ourselves.
In such a situation, it would be reasonable to place the centers of new governorships along the trade routes created at that time at a certain distance from the center of Rus' (Fig. 5). And so it was done.
This distance was chosen for reasons of establishing optimal communication in the field of trade, mail, and so on.
Many capitals lie on two circles centered on the city Vladimir(Fig. 6).
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The first circle with a radius of about 1800 km. The following cities are located on it: Oslo, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Bratislava, Belgrade, Sofia, Istanbul and Ankara. The second circle with a radius of 2400 km. It contains London, Paris, Amsterdam, Brussels, Luxenburg, Bern, Geneva, Rome, Athens, Nicosia, Beirut, Damascus, Baghdad, Tehran. And what is typical is that if you take any of the listed cities except Vladimir and make it the center of Rus', then nothing like this will happen.
From this we can conclude that the name of the city Vladimir has a very specific meaning - “ Owning the world».
Falsification of history
After the collapse of Rus' into smaller states, the new authorities of Europe began to falsify their history, and their proteges in the rest of the Russian state - Romanovs- began to rewrite the history of the Russian people. The falsification was full-scale. Europeans came up with biographies of their rulers and new languages, exalted their contribution to the development of civilization, renamed or distorted geographical names. The Russians, on the contrary, began to instill thoughts about the worthlessness of the Russian people, books containing true history were destroyed, and in return they made fakes, culture and education were distorted and destroyed. Geographical names familiar to the Russian ear migrated from Europe to remote areas on the territory of Rus'. And this, of course, is not all. Let us present a few illustrative facts.
The kings of Europe were written off from Rus'
Imagine the situation: the Empire is destroyed, in the breakaway territories there are new and, as they now say, “unshakable” authorities. What should they tell the new generation? The truth? No, it’s disgusting to remember that they were in a subordinate position and came to power not according to the law. You'll have to invent your past. And definitely great. To start invented rulers. The simplest and most reliable option is to take as a basis the biographies of the ruling dynasties of Rus' and, on their basis, create fake histories of their monarchs and kings, but only with different names and with life events tied to the conditions of the newly created states.
This is how the Western European dynasty appeared Habsburgs, which is copied from the dynastic stream of tsars-khans of Rus' of the 13th-16th centuries. Detailed description This basic dynastic parallelism is given in. We will limit ourselves to two drawings from the above book. Figure 7 shows “the correspondence between the Russian-Horde dynasty of the 13th-16th centuries and the Habsburg dynasties of the 13th-16th centuries.”
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Figure 8 shows the “correlation of the duration of the reigns of the Russian-Horde king-khans of the Great = “Mongol” Empire of the 13-16 centuries and the rulers of the Habsburg Empire of the 13-16 centuries.” In order to recognize “dynastic clones” this is quite enough. But the book also contains unique repetitions in life events clones and their prototypes.
Gothic is a Russian style
Interesting metamorphoses of architectural styles occurred in the 17th century. It is indicated that with the coming to power of the Romanovs in Rus', a change in architectural styles occurred. Moreover, the introduced samples were then passed off as “typical ancient Russian”. As a result, today's ideas about what Rus' looked like before the 17th century are in many ways completely incorrect.
We are now assured that the usual form of church is exactly that which we see in our time: a roughly cubic building with an almost flat roof, from which rise one or more domed drums. An example of a “typical view” of a Russian church is the St. Nicholas Church in the Nikolo-Uleymensky Monastery near Uglich (Fig. 9).
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Such churches strikingly different from the cathedrals of Western Europe (for example, the Gothic Cologne Cathedral, Fig. 10). This difference was artificially imposed.
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It was beneficial to the falsifiers of history, since they needed to show that there was nothing in common between Russia and Europe.
However, A.T. Fomenko and G.V. Nosovsky cites facts that show that until the 17th century the main architectural style in Rus', as well as in its European provinces, was the Gothic architectural style. This suspicion first arose when they were studying the old architecture of churches in the famous Russian city of Uglich.
It turned out that all churches cities, with one exception, either built anew or significantly rebuilt no earlier 17th century. The remake has a familiar appearance to us (Fig. 9).
The only exception is the famous Church of St. Alexei, Metropolitan of Moscow in the Alekseevsky Monastery. It is believed that it was built in 1482 and remained in its original form - a house with a high gable roof on which three spire towers rise (Fig. 11, Fig. 12). The similarity of the architectural style of this church with the Cologne Cathedral is striking (Fig. 10).
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A reasonable question arises: there is a church from the 15th century, there are churches from the 17th century and later, but where are the churches of the 16th century? What, nothing was built for 100 years or did it fall apart “on its own”? The fact is that the Church of Metropolitan Alexei is a large cathedral of the 15th century, one of the largest in Uglich to this day. Having built such a cathedral in the 15th century, the people of Uglich had to build something in the 16th century! Quite rightly, the impression arises that all the churches of Uglich in the 17th century were rebuilt anew, and only the Church of Metropolitan Alexei, by the will of fate, remained and is now the “black sheep” among the remodel.
To confirm their assumption, the authors of the book give the following example, for which they turn to the architecture of the famous old Russian Nikolo-Uleymensky monastery near Uglich. There are two churches there. One of them - old Church of the Introduction (Fig. 13, Fig. 14).
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Unlike the new one, “typically ancient Russian,” the old one is house with gable roof, which resembles the Gothic style. Later, in 17th century, a “quadrangle” was added to it and a bell tower was built on.
There is a clear feeling that in the 17th century the overwhelming majority of the old Russian-Horde churches were rebuilt according to the reformist “Greek model”. Moreover, it was stated that that's how it was.
In some places in Russia, by inertia, Gothic cathedrals continued to be built even until the 18th century. For example, church Peter and Paul in Yaroslavl (Fig. 15), dating back to 1736-1744.
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A mosque was built in the same style in the village of Poiseevo, Aktanysh district of the Republic of Tatarstan (Fig. 16).
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But ultimately, under the Romanovs, the Gothic style was supplanted and forgotten. Churches of this type were either destroyed and rebuilt, or they tried to change their appearance with extensions, or adapted them for other needs. For example, household ones. A striking example is the old long huge house with a gable roof, standing in the New Simonov Monastery in Moscow (Fig. 17), which in the 19th century was used as a grain drying room.
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Its architecture exactly matches the appearance of old Russian church-houses. This may be a former monastery church.
Other examples of churches in the Gothic architectural style:
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— Old Russian church in the village of Bykova (Fig. 18);
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— New St. Nicholas Cathedral in the Mozhaisk fortress in 1814 (Fig. 19);
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— An ancient church in the Luzhetsky monastery of Mozhaisk, which probably also looked like a Gothic house (Fig. 20);
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— Mosque in Starye Kiyazly, Republic of Tatarstan (Fig. 21);
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— Mosque in Nizhnyaya Oshma, Republic of Tatarstan (Fig. 22).
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And to conclude this topic, we will give one example of the correspondence between the styles of the Russian and German churches. Figure 23 shows the German church Clementskirche in the city of Mayen, near Bonn.
Its dome is made in the form of upward spirals. It is believed that the dome of this shape was created between 1350 and 1360. The reasons for such a design of the dome are completely forgotten, and instead of them a story was invented about the devil who twisted this tower with a corkscrew.
According to the authors, here we are actually faced with the old style of Russian-Horde architecture of the 14th-16th centuries. If we compare the dome of the German Clementskirche with the spiral domes of St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow (Fig. 24), we will immediately understand that here and there are the same style.
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Tower-minarets decorated with spirals have also been preserved in the East and Asia...
The organ is a Russian instrument
Scaligerian historians paint the image of a Russian person in the form of a rude man in bast shoes and earflaps. It goes without saying that we are not talking about any high culture in general and musical culture in particular. All we are given is simple dancing around the fire, primitive obscene ditties, a tambourine, spoons, the shrill squeak of pipes and the strumming of a balalaika, or, in extreme cases, a harp. All this is infinitely far from the exquisite Versailles with lace, violins and organs.
In fact, none of this is true. Let's take an organ, for example. Before the arrival of the Romanovs in Rus', the organ was a widespread instrument, but with their coming to power, the struggle against Russian cultural heritage began - authorities banned. And after Peter I was replaced by a double, the total eradication of organs even from Russian household life began!
Let us turn to the evidence of contemporaries of the “cultural cleansing”, which is cited by A.T. Fomenko and G.V. Nosovsky in his book.
In 1711, “Journey through Muscovy to Persia and India” by the Dutch traveler Cornelius de Bruin, who visited Moscow in 1700, was published in Amsterdam. At the same time, the Italian Philip Balatri was in Moscow, who “to his surprise discovers: many houses have organs original design, but for some reason they are hidden in closets. Later we find out: Peter forbade them as a legacy ancient Rus'. The wedding of the jester Shansky near Kozhukhov in 1697 was perhaps the last Moscow folk festival with 27 organs…».
“The music makes no less an impression. De Bruin hears it everywhere - oboists, horn players, timpani players in military formations and during ceremonial processions, entire orchestras of a wide variety of instruments right up to the organ at the triumphal gates, on the streets and in houses, and finally, the amazingly harmonious sound of singing ensembles. Not a single holiday in Muscovy would be complete without this.».
“...with the founding of St. Petersburg, the number of organists among free musicians sharply decreased. There are still organists in Moscow, but there are almost none of them in St. Petersburg anymore. Fashion and the personal taste of Peter I did their job. The death affected Moscow fire 1701 the old, excellently established Kremlin workshop of organs and harpsichords. They did not restore it - Peter had other tastes for the actual development of the Kremlin. Nobody took on the new workshop. There are fewer musicians among the owners of Moscow courtyards. Unemployment? Creeping poverty? This is not so difficult to verify using another type of accounting for the lives of city residents - carefully recorded and taxed acts of purchase and sale. And this is what was revealed: organists changed professions…»
But in the West, organs have survived to this day and were retroactively declared an exclusively Western European invention...
Germany is Great Perm
Let's once again put ourselves in the shoes of history falsifiers who are trying to hide the great past of Rus'.
The empire collapsed, and many names of cities and territories of the breakaway provinces sound Russian language and firmly entered the chronicles. What to do? It is possible to destroy all chronicles and prohibit the use of old names of European provinces. Is it effective? No - it’s long and laborious. It’s easier to take a well-known name and make a sign that says “city N ” and put it in some wilderness, declaring that it has always been this way. And the Europeans themselves will happily forget about Russian influence. And so they did. Therefore falsification geographical location affected not only the “Mongols” with Mongolia, which on paper was transferred to the border of China. It contains very interesting information about what territory was actually called Great Perm.
The Perm land is often mentioned in chronicles, which report that it is militarily powerful state, very rich. It is located near Ugra. Ugra is Hungary in old Russian style. In Russian, Ugrians are people who speak Finno-Ugric languages. In the history of the Middle Ages, only one militarily strong Ugric state is known - Hungary. It is believed that the Perm land was finally annexed to Rus' only in the 15th century.
The book provides the following chronicle information, somewhat distorted by modern historians: “The Novgorodians, making military trade campaigns through the Perm land into the Ugra land ... forced the Komi (in fact, Perm, since the chronicles say exactly Perm, and not Komi - approx. Nosovsky and Fomenko) to pay tribute. Since the 13th century Perm land constantly mentioned among Novgorod volosts. Novgorod “men” collected tribute with the help of centurions and elders from the top of the local population; continued to exist and local princes, retaining a certain amount of independence... Christianization of the region carried out by the bishop Stefan Permsky(in 1383... founded Perm diocese, compiled the alphabet for Zyryans)".
“In 1434 Novgorod was forced to cede part of its income from the Perm land to Moscow... In 1472 it was annexed to Moscow... Perm Great…local princes were relegated to the position of servants of the Grand Duke."
Thus, the Perm land had its own princes, who were independent sovereigns until the 15th century. She had her bishop and her special alphabet.
What do Scaligerian historians tell us? The Great Soviet Encyclopedia indicates: “ Perm land- the name in Russian chronicles of the territory west of the Urals along the Kama, Vychegda and Pechora rivers, inhabited by people Komi(in the chronicles - Perm, Permians, and Zyryans)".
Firstly, the Komi people living along the Kama River (Komi and Kama are the same root words) do not call themselves either Permyaks or Zyryans! These names were assigned to the Komi already under the Romanovs. The fact is that the city of Perm until 1781 was just a village and was called... Egoshikha! According to official data, the village of Yegoshikha appeared in the 17th century. The name Perm was given to Yegoshikha shortly after the suppression of the “Pugachev rebellion,” which in fact was nothing more than civil war between Muscovy and Great Tartary, after which Great Tartaria ceased to exist and the memory of her was destroyed. In the same year as Permian- 1781 - appeared and Vyatka, but this is a topic for a separate story...
Secondly, the above encyclopedia says that “the Komi people did not have their own written language.” According to other sources, for worship in the Komi language in the 17th century, a writing system based on the Cyrillic alphabet was used, but not the alphabet of Stephen of Perm! Where did the alphabet go and why doesn’t anyone remember the enlightener Stefan? Yes, there was no special alphabet in Stefan’s Yegoshikha, but more on that below.
Third, The Great Soviet Encyclopedia reports that “the economy of the Komi region for a long time remained natural... in the 17th century in the entire region there were only two settlements Yarensk and Turya, one trading village of Tuglim... Only gradually, in the 17th and especially 18th centuries, trade developed and local markets emerged.” By the beginning of the 20th century, “the Komi-Permyaks were a small nation... doomed to the complete loss of their national culture... During the years of Soviet power, a literary language and writing were created.” Are there signs of a militarily powerful and wealthy principality here? We don't see them at all. There was nothing to reign over there until the 17th century - Yegoshikha didn’t even exist.
Fourthly, let’s take a map of Europe and see how the Novgorodians (Novgorod is Yaroslavl) made “military trade campaigns through the Perm land to the Ugra land” (that is, to Hungary) and remember Karamzin’s strange story: “The Mongols spread their conquests more and more and through Kazan Bulgaria they reached Perm itself, from where many inhabitants, oppressed by them, fled to Norway.” What are these “zigzags of luck”?
Great Perm, we emphasize the word “Great”, which clearly indicates its great importance, could not be where she was placed under the Romanovs.
Where was she then? A.T. Fomenko and G.V. Nosovsky provide justification that Great Perm is actually the territory of Southern Germany, Austria and Northern Italy.
This is indicated by some clear traces in geographical names. For example, in Northern Italy there is a famous ancient city Parma, the name of which clearly sounds Permian. And in the capital of Austria, the city of Vienna, St. Stephen's Cathedral still stands (Fig. 25).
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Maybe it was the famous Stefan of Perm, the enlightener of Perm? The word Germany is possibly a variant of the word Perm.
Then it becomes clear why the alphabet of St. Stephen was forgotten in the history of the Komi people and the village of Yegoshikha. And here we can assume that this alphabet was Latin and it was it that was distributed among Europeans for the cultural demarcation of Europe and Rus'...
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Calif Ivan / A.T. Fomenko, G.V. Nosovsky. — M.: Astrel:AST; Vladimir: VKT, 2010. - 383 p.
Tatar-Mongol yoke: who conquered whom / A.T. Fomenko, G.V. Nosovsky. — M.: Astrel:AST; Vladimir: VKT, 2010. - 380 p.
« Advisor" - a guide to good books.
From the article by Alexey Kulagin “The Split of Rus'”.
Changing the borders of Muscovite Rus' under Ivan the Terrible. Maps December 2nd, 2015
Original taken from matveychev_oleg in Changing the borders of Muscovite Rus' under Ivan the Terrible. Cards
How did the borders of Muscovite Rus' change during the reign of Ivan the Terrible? This is best told by maps showing the borders of Russian lands at the beginning and end of his reign.
Russia under Ivan the Terrible expanded its territory, capturing the Volga along its entire length, annexing the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates. This allowed Russian merchants to sail to Persia and trade with the countries of Central Asia. However, not everything planned by Tsar Ivan was realized during his reign. Thus, the Russian state needed access to the Baltic Sea, but the lands of the Baltic states were seized by German knights back in the 13th century. Having started the Livonian War, Ivan the Terrible put an end to the Livonian Order, but one enemy was replaced by another: Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth entered the war against Russia. The Semigrad governor Stefan Batory, elected with the assistance of the Turkish Sultan to the Polish throne, began campaigns in 1379 with the aim of capturing the western regions of Rus'. At this time, the Swedes captured the important trading port of Narva for the Russians. In 1581, Batory besieged Pskov, but the heroic defenders of the city managed to repel the attack of the enemy hordes, which forced Batory to enter into peace negotiations. Russia was forced to cede the Baltic states to the Poles, and the annexation of the Baltic states to Russia was realized only in the 18th century.
The annexation of the Volga region also created the preconditions for further development of lands in the east. Now the path lay in Siberia, which attracted huge reserves of furs. In the 50s of the 16th century, the Siberian Khan Ediger recognized himself as a vassal of Russia, but Khan Kuchum, who then came to power, broke off these relations. The merchants and industrialists Stroganovs played a major role in the advance to Siberia, who received extensive possessions along the Kama and Chusovaya rivers. To protect their possessions, they built a number of fortified cities and created military garrisons populated by “hunting people” - Cossacks. Around 1581-1582 (there is disagreement regarding this date), the Stroganovs equipped a military expedition of Cossacks and military men from the cities beyond the Urals. The head of this detachment (about 600 people) was Ataman Ermak Timofeevich.
Having crossed the Ural Mountains, he reached the Irtysh, and a decisive battle took place near the capital of Kuchum - Kashlyk. The Khan's multi-tribal army could not withstand the Cossack onslaught and fled. Ermak entered Kashlyk and began to collect yasak (tribute) from the Siberian inhabitants. However, the victory of the Cossacks turned out to be fragile, and a few years later Ermak died. His campaign did not lead to the direct annexation of Siberia, but a beginning was made for this. Since the second half of the 80s, cities and fortresses have been built in the western part of Siberia: Tyumen, Tobolsk fort, Surgut, Tomsk. Tobolsk becomes the administrative center of Siberia, where a governor was appointed.
Upon ascending the throne, John inherited 2.8 million square meters. km, and as a result of his rule, the territory of the state almost doubled - to 5.4 million square meters. km - a little more than the rest of Europe. During the same time, the population grew by 30-50% and amounted to 10-12 million people.
Both cards are clickable. Scale - 1:12 000 000
1. The Russian state in the year of Ivan the Terrible’s accession to the Grand Duke’s throne in 1545.
It is worth noting the inaccuracy on the second map - in 1581 the Swedes captured Ivangorod, Yam and Koporye. In 1583, the Russian state was forced to sign the difficult Truce of Plus, according to which almost all the lands near the Gulf of Finland, including the indicated fortresses, were ceded to Sweden. The Moscow government could not come to terms with such a development of events. In 1590, hostilities resumed. Russian troops managed to regain the lost fortresses. Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, who took personal part in the campaign, wrote to the Danish king: “Sowing the winter of his fatherland in the suburban lands of the cities of Ivangorod and Yama. They took Koporya.” In 1591, the Swedes made an unsuccessful attempt to recapture Koporye. So, in January 1591, the Swedes, numbering 14 thousand people, approached the fortress, but were forced to retreat. In 1595, an “eternal peace” was concluded between Russia and Sweden.
Thus, the second map reflects the boundaries as of 1590, not 1584.
2. The Russian state in the year of the death of Ivan the Terrible in 1584
His son became the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily III. He inherited three-quarters of the state's possessions and received the exclusive right to power.
Convening of the Zemsky Sobor. The assembled representatives of the regions, together with the tsar, will have to outline a number of serious measures to improve public administration and the judicial system, as well as prepare a new "Code of Law"(adopted in 1550). Creation of unified management bodies (orders) for finance, military and foreign affairs. Limitation of the power of governors: they are placed under the control of elected representatives and must gradually be replaced by elders, also elected. The first land accounting in order to establish the amount of taxes levied. Local government reform.Sebezh (Russian-Lithuanian War, 1534-1537). Russian fortress, built in 1535 to protect the southern borders of the Pskov region. On February 27, 1536, the Polish-Lithuanian army under the command of the Kyiv governor A. Nemirovich (20 thousand people) tried to take Sebezh. The fortress was defended by a garrison under the command of governor P.V. Zasekin and Tushina. Nemirovich began the attack by shelling the fortifications. However, his guns performed poorly. Without causing any harm to the besieged, they mainly attacked their own people. In the end, the Sebezh garrison made a sortie and inflicted a complete defeat on the Lithuanians. Their remnants retreated to Lake Sebezh, trying to escape to the other side. But the ice beneath them broke, and most of the warriors found themselves under water. Nemirovich's army was almost completely destroyed. After this defeat, the Lithuanian prince Sigismund I entered into negotiations with Moscow on a truce. It was concluded in 1537. In honor of the Sebezh victory, the ruler of Russia Elena Glinskaya ordered the foundation of the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity in the fortress.
Siritsa (Russian-Livonian War, 1500-1503). A river in the Izborsk region, near which on August 27, 1501, a battle of the Russian army took place under the command of princes V.V. Shuisky and Penko Yaroslavsky (40 thousand people) with the Livonian army under the command of Master V. Plettenberg (10-12 thousand people). Despite their significant numerical superiority, the Russians did not have enough firearms. The Germans had good artillery and experienced gunners who decided the outcome of the battle. The Russians fled from the battlefield from accurate and frequent fire, although without any significant losses. After this victory, the Germans besieged Izborsk, which repelled their attack. On September 7, they burned the Ostrov fortress, killing 4 thousand people there. However, soon mass dysentery began in the Livonian army, forcing Plettenberg (he also fell ill) to stop the campaign and return home (see Gelmed, Battle of Pskov).
