Map of Tartary in good quality in Russian. Old maps
MAP OF THE “NORTH POLAR LANDS” (1595)
Map from the atlas of Gerardus Mercator.
Scandalous, world famous map. Why, why did Mercator depict this polar land everywhere on his maps? So much fuss was made about this, but the compiler of the atlas himself wrote that he was printing the map data from even more ancient maps. Everyone considered this a fiction, since the laurels of pioneers and first printers would have to be taken away from some individuals. So, not only that, history would have to be revised, and this, oh, is not profitable.
MOSCOWIA and EUROPE (17??)
Map from the old British Atlas. Edition approximately the end of the 18th century. The map clearly shows what the state of Muscovy is and how many of them existed.
MAP OF "TARTARIA" (1626)
Source unknown.
This map tells what the country of Tartaria is, where it was located and, most importantly, what the Siberians looked like. Well, for some reason they are completely unlike either the Mongols or the Tatars.
MAP OF "TARTARIA" (1732)
And here we see even more amazing things.
It turns out that “Muscovy” with the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg has no relation to other “Tartaria,” including Moscow Tartary, which extends throughout Siberia and the Far East.
China is indicated on the map in two copies: the huge Chinese Tartaria and small China in the south. If you consider that the Tartars are Caucasians, then you are amazed at how much territory the modern Chinese have chopped off from us, and yet they are also coveting Siberia.
MAP OF "ASIA" (1632)
On this map the name Tartaria does not appear throughout all of Asia, but in the area of modern Kazakhstan, according to the map, there are Cossacks Tartars. What is noteworthy is that they appearance- Cossacks, you can also look at the map, and as we see, they are more similar to Europeans than to Kazakhs-Kyrgyz-Yakuts.
MAP OF “ASIA” (15??)
One of the maps published by the son of George Mercator.
A memory card from 12 thousand years ago. The map shows the sunken polar continent Daaria-Hyperborea-Ariana, etc. The Siberian rivers have slightly different outlines, for example the Ob and Yenisei are connected by a large reservoir. This is not a mistake, it’s just that where the lake used to be is now a swamp. Four-hundred-year-old maps may contain not only distortions, but also real, different outlines of our planet.
MAP OF TARTARIA 1706
There was a lot of controversy in the ancient city of Tomsk about its former name “Sadness”. But this map puts an end to this issue, as it clearly shows that the city of Grustina stands on the site of modern Biysk, and Tomsk, as it should be, is in its place.
If we clear the entire array of textbooks, reference books and dissertations of opinions, interpretations, and the construction of new hypotheses on someone’s old interpretations, we will find that behind all this geometrically progressing array of data over the centuries, the bottom line is that there are very few real facts that can be verified . Among the facts, there are also those that are never used in generally known interpretations because they do not fit into the constructed theories. “Inconvenient facts”... It’s as if they simply don’t exist.
Let's leave the selective observation of historians to their conscience and look at some primary sources with our own eyes, discarding old hypotheses and using our own logic. Any sane person can do this! What, for example, can be found on one single old map publicly available, using such a simple but reasonable approach?
This engraving map published by Jan Janson in Amsterdam in 1640-1650 based on the more famous map “Tartaria” from the Mercator-Hondius Atlas. Mercator, by the way, is not some kind of dreamer - he is a respected cartographer of his time who had unique knowledge. He was the first to use the equiangular cylindrical projection when drawing up a map of the world, which means the absence of distortions in angles and shapes, that is, he took into account geographic longitude in his constructions, which they essentially learned to calculate only 200 years later. Marine navigation maps to this day are compiled on the same principle. Mercator quite accurately drew the coasts of both Americas, in particular, he showed the strait between America and Asia, which had not yet been discovered at the time of creating the map, and he depicted the Arctic as free of ice. Interestingly, he never left his office. It is believed that he drew information from some more ancient maps, almost from Egyptian priests... But here we are entering the slippery slope of speculation.
Let's see what, according to Mercator and Janson, was in the territory modern Russia. These lands are indicated on the map as Tartary, and, of course, anyone who has ever tried to analyze our historical path more broadly than the official version allows has encountered this concept more than once. Let us recall that Tartary is a completely official term, prescribed even in the Encyclopedia Britannica of 1771, which states that it is the largest empire that existed in the world - almost all of Eurasia. Our empire. Clear evidence of it can be found on almost all old maps, in the lists of coats of arms of world powers (owl and griffin), in the chronicles of Arab travelers, etc... But what a miracle - has anyone even heard a word about it, for example, in school?
However, let's return to the map. Let's assume that Tartary is more or less equivalent to the Russian Empire or the USSR in terms of territories (in many sources it also includes Chinese Tartary and Independent Tartary = Central Asia, Iran), and let's turn to the details.
There are quite a few names on the map that are known to us - cities, rivers, regions. All of them are in place and displayed correctly relative to each other. There are Moscow, Perm, Nizhny Novgorod, Khokhloma, Vyatka, Astrakhan, Kazan, Tyumen, Derbent, Bukhara, Kargopol, Azov, Baku, Tashkent.
The rivers Pechora, Vychegda, Volga, Ob are drawn.
Muscovy, Armenia, Georgia, Crimea, Perm land, archipelago are indicated New Earth, Great Wall of China, China and Karakitai.
As you can see, the author knew very well what he was talking about and created a map that was quite accurate for its time, which you can use with confidence. Real, well-recognized Eurasia, which can easily be projected onto modern map. Note that here there are no lands of one-eyed cyclops, no dog-headed tribes, no milk rivers - in a word, there is no place for outright fairy tales and fables that could arise from ignorance and poor knowledge of the customs of remote territories and cities. Conclusion one: the card is trustworthy.
But: at the same time, there are quite a lot of strange details in it. And what if it’s not “the author was wrong” - but we don’t know something? For example, there are territories such as Lukomorye and Scythia in what is now Siberia. In place of Tomsk - legendary city Sadness, which you will find on 90% of old maps, but never in the works of historians.
The new land seems to have not completely sunk under water in the southeastern part - the border between sea and land is not marked there in principle.
And in today's Far East there is a real Country of Cities! Where where? Isn't this a mistake? “Only Amur tigers, bears and leopards live there; it’s wilderness and dense forests“, and besides the few northern tribes engaged in whaling at the very edge of the ocean, “no human being had ever set foot there” until the arrival of Ermak. “An unhistorical land” - as historians have dubbed it.
But Mercator would not agree with them. On his map, he considered only 11 cities worthy of being depicted to the west of the Ural ridge, and in the Far East there are 17 of them. Moreover, they are all located quite closely, somewhat reminiscent of a modern metropolis with satellite cities, which, as it grows, becomes one conglomeration ... It seems that in ancient times the “wilderness” was located in completely the opposite direction.
It is interesting that among them we will not find a single familiar name or even a hint of some kind of association - Naimen, Karakoran, Kakatora, Tenduk, Ezma, Kambala, Gauta, Kauglu... The Tartar River also flows there, consonant with the name of the empire of Tartaria and the Tartarian Frozen the sea that designates the Arctic Ocean...
Well, Mercator painted all of Eurasia correctly, but decided to give free rein to his imagination in the Far East? Impossible. If so, then Fra Mauro is completely wrong with his map of the world, where we will also find most of the famous cities similar to small settlements compared to the megacities of northeastern Tartary. What was the center of the world for them became a blank spot for us. But isn’t it arrogant for contemporaries to cover up gaps in their own knowledge and understanding with the imaginary ignorance and mistakes of their predecessors?
No one has truly explored this “non-historical land” - Siberia, Taimyr (secret world?), Far East... We just don’t know whether such cities ever existed there or not. No one proved there on the spot that they were not there, no one can say “we ran through every grain of sand through our fingers and never found anything” - after all, they didn’t look. Only amateur filming of Gornaya Shoria, Lena Pillars, Ergaki Nature Reserve, and other lesser-known places, which literally make our hair stand on end, make us ask ourselves the question - is this really a play of nature or are our eyes clearly recognizing them as the skeletons of huge ancient fortresses...
There is one more amazing moment on the Mercator map, which we saved for last. All the cities on the map have one common designation - a city with two towers, and only two are designated differently - three-towers, which was probably intended to emphasize their special status, importance or size. One of them is Moscow, we suggest you find the second on your own on the eastern borders of the Empire.
Ask questions, look for primary sources, keep your eyes open. Bullfinch will be glad if you share your observations and findings.
I will also provide you with some historical mystery information.
Just recently, a few years ago, the word “Tartaria” was completely unknown to the vast majority of Russian residents. Now many copies have already been broken in disputes, many films have been made about the falsification of history, etc.
Have you ever heard of such a country?
Here is such a version.
Back in the 19th century, both in Russia and in Europe, the memory of Tartaria was alive, many people knew about it. Indirect confirmation of this is next fact. In the middle of the 19th century, European capitals were fascinated by the brilliant Russian aristocrat Varvara Dmitrievna Rimskaya-Korsakova, whose beauty and wit made Napoleon III's wife, Empress Eugene, green with envy. The brilliant Russian was called “Venus from Tartarus.”
For the first time, Tartaria was openly reported on the Russian-language Internet Nikolay Levashov in the second part of his article “The Silenced History of Russia,” published on Sovetnik in July 2004. Here's what he wrote then:
“...In the same British encyclopedia, the Russian Empire, better known as (Great Tartary) , call the territory east of the Don, at the latitude of Samara to the Ural Mountains and the entire territory east of the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean in Asian:
“TARTARY, a vast country in the northern parts of Asia, bounded by Siberia on the north and west: this is called Great Tartary. The Tartars who lie south of Muscovy and Siberia, are those of Astracan, Circassia, and Dagistan, located north-west of the Caspian-sea; the Calmuc Tartars, who lie between Siberia and the Caspian-sea; the Usbec Tartars and Moguls, who lie north of Persia and India; and lastly, those of Tibet, who lie north-west of China".
(Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. III, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887.)
Translation:“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west, which is called. Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and who occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetans, living northwest of China").
(Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887).
Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771.
Title page of the first Encyclopedia Britannica Brittanica, 1771 edition
Article about Tartary in the first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica 1771
Map of Europe from the first, not yet corrected, edition of Brittanica (1771), which shows the most big country world - Great Tartary
Map of Tartary in the third volume of the first edition of Brittanica, 1771.
“As follows from the Encyclopaedia Britannica of 1771, there was a huge country Tartary, whose provinces had different sizes. The largest province of this empire was called Great Tartaria and covered the lands Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. In the southeast it was adjacent to Chinese Tartary (WITHhinese Tartary) [please do not confuse with China (China) ]. South of Great Tartary there was the so-called Independent Tartaria (Independent Tartary) [Middle Asia]. Tibetan Tartaria (Tibet) was located northwest of China and southwest of Chinese Tartary. Mongol Tartary was located in northern India (Mogul Empire) (modern Pakistan). Uzbek Tartary (Bukaria) was sandwiched between Independent Tartary in the north; Chinese Tartary in the northeast; Tibetan Tartary in the southeast; Mongol Tartary in the south and Persia (Persia) in the South-West. In Europe there were also several Tartaries: Muscovy or Moscow Tartary (Muscovite Tartary) , Kuban Tartary (Kuban Tartars) and Little Tartary (Little Tartary) .
What Tartary means was discussed above and, as follows from the meaning of this word, it has nothing to do with modern Tatars, just as the Mongol Empire has nothing to do with modern Mongolia. Mongol Tartary (Mogul Empire) is located on the site of modern Pakistan, while modern Mongolia is located in the north of modern China or between Great Tartary and Chinese Tartary.”
Information about Great Tartary is also preserved in the 6-volume Spanish encyclopedia Diccionario
Geografico
Universal 1795 publication, and, already in a slightly modified form, in later editions of Spanish encyclopedias.
Title page of the Spanish Universal Gazetteer, 1795
Article about Tartary in the Spanish Universal Geographical Directory, 1795.
(Anthony Jenkinson) (Muscovy Company)
(Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612)
Well, now maps of Great Tartaria from different times and countries. Almost all maps are clickable 2000-4000 px
The fact that Europeans were very aware of the existence of various Tartars is also evidenced by numerous medieval geographic Maps. One of the first such maps is the map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartaria, compiled by the English diplomat Anthony Jenkinson (Anthony Jenkinson) , who was the first plenipotentiary ambassador of England to Muscovy from 1557 to 1571, and also a representative of the Moscow company (Muscovy Company) - an English trading company founded by London merchants in 1555. Jenkinson was the first Western European traveler to describe the coast of the Caspian Sea and Central Asia during his expedition to Bukhara in 1558-1560. The result of these observations was not only official reports, but also the most detailed map at that time of areas that were practically inaccessible to Europeans until that time.
Tartary is also in the solid world Mercator-Hondius Atlas of the early 17th century. Jodocus Hondius (Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612) - a Flemish engraver, cartographer and publisher of atlases and maps in 1604 bought printed forms of Mercator’s world atlas, added about forty of his own maps to the atlas and published an expanded edition in 1606 under the authorship of Mercator, and indicated himself as the publisher.
The main population of this vast space were nomadic and semi-nomadic Turkic and Mongolian peoples, collectively known at that time to Europeans as “Tatars.” Until the middle of the 17th century. Europeans knew little about Manchuria and its inhabitants, but when the Manchus conquered China in the 1640s, the Jesuits there also classified them as Tatars.
The main religion of the peoples of Tartaria in the early period was Tengrism, in the late Islam (most Turkic peoples) and Buddhism (most Mongolian peoples). Some peoples professed Christianity (especially the Nestorian persuasion).
The first state formation throughout the territory of Great Tartary was the Turkic Kaganate. After the collapse of the unified Khaganate, states existed on the territory of Tartaria at different times: Western Turkic Khaganate, Eastern Turkic Khaganate, Kimak Khaganate, Khazar Khaganate, Volga Bulgaria, etc.
At the end of the 12th - beginning of the 13th centuries, the entire territory of Tartaria was again united by Genghis Khan and his descendants. This public education known as the Mongol Empire. As a result of the division of the Mongol Empire into uluses, the centralized state of the Golden Horde (Ulus Jochi) arose in the western part of Tartary. A single Tatar language developed on the territory of the Golden Horde.
In Russian, instead of the word "Tartaria", the word "Tataria" was more often used. (The ethnonym “Tatars” has enough ancient history). Russians traditionally continued to call the majority of Turkic-speaking peoples living on the territory of the former Golden Horde Tatars.
After the collapse of the Golden Horde, several states existed on its former territory at different times, the most significant of which are: the Great Horde, the Kazan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, the Siberian Khanate, the Nogai Horde, the Astrakhan Khanate, the Kazakh Khanate.
As a result of the transition of many Turkic peoples to a sedentary lifestyle and their isolation in separate states, the formation of ethnic groups occurred: Crimean Tatars, Kazan Tatars, Siberian Tatars, Astrakhan Tatars, Abakan Tatars.
From the beginning of the 16th century, states on the territory of Tartary began to fall into vassal dependence on the Russian state. In 1552, Ivan the Terrible captured the Kazan Khanate, and in 1556 - the Astrakhan Khanate. By the end of the 19th century, most of the territory once called “Tartaria” was part of Russian Empire.
Manchuria, Mongolia, Dzungaria (the “Tatar” part of East Turkestan) and Tibet by the middle of the 18th century. everyone came under the rule of the Manchu (that is, for Europeans of the 17th century, the “Tatar” Qing dynasty); these territories (especially Mongolia and Manchuria) were often known to Europeans as "Chinese Tartary".
Currently, the name Tataria is assigned to the Republic of Tatarstan (in Soviet times, the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic).
Map Asia from the first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica
Copy cards Asia from the Atlas of 1754 (taken from the Slavic-Aryan Vedas
one of the oldest maps mentioning Tartary
French map Asia 1692 and map Asia and Scythia (Scythia et Tartaria Asiatica) 1697.
Map Tartaria or "Empire of the Great Khan". Compiled by Heinrich Hondius
Map of Tartaria (fragment). Guillaume Delisle, 1706. The map shows three Tatars: Moscow, Free and Chinese.
Ethnographic map Remezova.
Map Great Tartaria 1706.
This is the most unique map was published in Antwerp in 1584. Much of the information provided on map associated with the journey of Marco Polo in 1275-1291. Map of Tartary (Siberia) by Abraham Ortelius
Russia by map Antony Jenkinson 1562 Engraving by Frans Hogenberg
Tartary, 1814.
Tartary De Lisle 1706
Tartaria, no earlier than 1705
Blau Publishing House - Map Tartaria. Amsterdam, 1640-70
Map Tartaria Jodocus Hondius
Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortelius, 1527-1598) - Flemish cartographer, compiled the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, which was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570. The atlas was named Theater Orbis Terrarum(lat. Spectacle of the globe) and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that point in time.
The Atlas "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum" (Latin: Spectacle of the Globe) - the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, was compiled by the Flemish cartographer, Abraham Ortelius (1527-1598). It was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570 and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that time.
Tartary appears on both the Dutch map of Asia of 1595 and on the 1626 map of John Speed (John Speed, 1552-1629) English historian and cartographer who published the world's first British cartographic atlas of the world, "Review of the World's Most Famous Places" (A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World) . Please note that on many maps the Chinese wall is clearly visible, and China itself is located behind it, and before it was the territory of Chinese Tartaria (WITHhinese Tartary) .
Tartary on the Dutch map of Asia 1595
Clickable 5000 px
Image earth globe(author's rights - assoc. Kartair). Mid 18th century Copper engraving. Conformal transverse azimuthal projection
And here last card, where else there is a similar name. It dates back to 1786.
There are fewer and fewer geographical maps of Great Tartary in the world. And especially those in Russian.
The following Russian maps can be downloaded on the Internet: “Drawing book of Siberia, compiled by Semyon Remezov in 1701”, “Kipriyanov’s map of 1707”, “Russian map of Tartary, 1745”. All of them directly indicate the existence of a country whose name cannot be found in any modern textbook on the history of our country. How impossible it is to find any information about the people who inhabited it.
I'll at least say about Tartars, who are now called Tatars by all and sundry and classified as Mongoloids. It’s interesting to look at the images of these “Tatars”. The famous book is very indicative in this case "The Travels of Marco Polo"- that's what they called her in England. In France it was called "The Book of the Great Khan", in other countries “The Book about the Diversity of the World” or simply “The Book”. The Italian merchant and traveler himself entitled his manuscript “Description of the World.” Written in Old French rather than Latin, it became popular throughout Europe.
In it Marco Polo(1254-1324) describes in detail the history of his travels through Asia and his 17-year stay at court "Mongol" Khan Kublai Khan. Leaving aside the question of the reliability of this book, we will direct our attention to the fact how Europeans portrayed the “Mongols” in the Middle Ages.
As we can see, there is nothing “Mongolian” in the appearance of the Mongolian Great Khan Kublai Khan. On the contrary, he and his entourage look quite Russian. And even with the rules of reverse perspective, used only in ancient Slavic painting!
The fact that Europeans were very well aware of the existence of Russian Tartary is evidenced by numerous medieval geographical atlases and encyclopedias. For example, information about Great Tartary was preserved in the 6-volume Spanish encyclopedia “Diccionario Geografico Universal” published in 1795, although in a slightly modified form.
From the first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica it follows that at the end of the 18th century there were several countries on our planet that had the word Tartaria in their names. Numerous engravings of the 16th-18th and even the beginning of the 19th centuries have been preserved in Europe, depicting the citizens of this country - the Tartars.
Let's take a look at the appearance Tartar and Mughal prince and princess on engravings from the early 19th century.
It is noteworthy that medieval European travelers called Tartars the peoples who lived on a vast territory that occupied most of the continent of Eurasia. If we look at the images of oriental tartars, Chinese tartars, Tibetan tartars, Nogai tartars, Kazan tartars, small tartars, white tartars, Chuvash tartars, Kalmyk tartars, Cherkasy tartars, tartars of Tomsk, Kuznetsk, Achinsk, etc., this will cause some surprise in the light of the current understanding of who the Mongol-Tatars are. Tartaria had nothing to do with modern Tatars, just as the Mughal Empire, located on the territory of modern Pakistan, had nothing to do with modern Mongolia. After all, even in the very name “Mogol” the Russian word might sounds!
Having looked carefully at the clothes of the Mughal rulers, one cannot help but notice their striking similarity with the ceremonial clothes of the Russian tsars and boyars, and even the appearance of the Mughals themselves has all the signs of the White Race.
For example, ancestor Babura, founder Mughal Empire is a great warrior and an outstanding commander Tamerlane(1336-1405). Look below at two images of him: in one engraving he is depicted as a young man, in the other he is depicted in his more mature years. There are many images of Tamerlane. One of the engravings says: Tamerlan, empereur des Tartares - Tamerlane - Emperor Tartarus, and in the book “Histoire de Timur-Bec, connu sous le nom du grand Tamerlan, empereur des Mogols & Tartares”, written by Sharaf al Din Ali Yazdi in 1454 and published in Paris in 1722, he is called the Emperor Mogul and Tartarus.
It follows quite logically the conclusion is that Great Tartaria was well known even in the first quarter of the 20th century. This is also evidenced by the almost universal use of Vedic symbols, which in the USA and Europe continued until the end of the 30s, and in Asia still continues.
After power in Russia passed to the “learned Germans” of the era of Peter the Great, information about Great Tartary began to disappear catastrophically quickly, and in Lately, especially after the Second World War, no one stopped the world media from dictating to the world only what they wanted. And so it turned out that descendants of the mighty Mughals, now called the “Kalash tribe”, with a light hand, the “scientists” are ranked among the descendants of the “warriors of Alexander the Great”, who supposedly for some reason remained in these places...
Pakistani Kalash...
The information presented here is only a small part of the truth, which is hidden by the so-called “Academy of Sciences” with its Norman theory of the ditching of the great Russian culture in favor of the “Germans”, newly emerged in the ancient history of the world.
The works of Russian scientists will tell you much more, for example, about the Afanasiev culture of white people in prehistoric times of the Bronze Age in Kazakhstan, southern Siberia, Mongolia and northern China. Also interesting is L.N. Gumilyov’s work “The Dinlin Problem” about the recently widespread and numerous white peoples of China, A.A. Tyunyaev’s work “China is the younger brother of Rus'” about deciphering the incisions on “ancient Chinese” ceramics, which turned out to be identical to the ancient Slavic ones. The information about the mummies of white people in China is very interesting. Yes, there is a lot of evidence that all of Asia was Russian until recently!
The thing is that in the Great World War, which in the false history textbooks written by the Germans is called the “Pugachev Rebellion,” we were not the ones who won... But OUR victory is yet to come! Russians harness for a long time, but drive quickly. Where will you run then, JUST LOVERS? We will remember you all so that we can hold you accountable later. Not because we are vindictive. But because you were never able to erase our memory.
Well, in continuation of today’s article, I will also provide you with some historical information-mystery.
Just recently, a few years ago, the word “Tartaria” was completely unknown to the vast majority of Russian residents. Now many copies have already been broken in disputes, many films have been made about the falsification of history, etc.
Have you ever heard of such a country?
Here is such a version.
Back in the 19th century, both in Russia and in Europe, the memory of Tartaria was alive, many people knew about it. The following fact serves as indirect confirmation of this. In the middle of the 19th century, European capitals were fascinated by the brilliant Russian aristocrat Varvara Dmitrievna Rimskaya-Korsakova, whose beauty and wit made Napoleon III’s wife, Empress Eugenie, green with envy. The brilliant Russian was called “Venus from Tartarus.”
For the first time, Nikolai Levashov openly reported about Tartary on the Russian-language Internet in the second part of his article “The Silenced History of Russia,” published on Sovetnik in July 2004. Here's what he wrote then:
Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771.
Title page of the first Encyclopedia Britannica Brittanica, 1771 edition.
Article about Tartary in the first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica 1771
A map of Europe from the first, not yet corrected, edition of Brittanica (1771), which shows the largest country in the world - Great Tartary.
Map of Tartary in the third volume of the first edition of Brittanica, 1771.
As follows from the Encyclopedia Britannica of 1771, there was a huge country of Tartaria, the provinces of which had different sizes. The largest province of this empire was called Great Tartary and covered the lands of Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. In the southeast it was adjacent to Chinese Tartary [please do not confuse it with China]. To the south of Great Tartary there was the so-called Independent Tartary [Central Asia]. Tibetan Tartary (Tibet) was located northwest of China and southwest of Chinese Tartary. In the north of India was the Mongol Tartary (Mogul Empire) (modern Pakistan). Uzbek Tartary (Bukaria) was sandwiched between Independent Tartary in the north; Chinese Tartary in the northeast; Tibetan Tartary in the southeast; Mongol Tartary in the south and Persia in the southwest. In Europe there were also several Tartaries: Muscovy or Moscow Tartary (Muscovite Tartary), Kuban Tartary (Kuban Tartars) and Little Tartary.
What Tartary means was discussed above and, as follows from the meaning of this word, it has nothing to do with modern Tatars, just as the Mongol Empire has nothing to do with modern Mongolia. Mongol Tartary (Mogul Empire) is located on the site of modern Pakistan, while modern Mongolia is located in the north of modern China or between Great Tartary and Chinese Tartary."
Information about Great Tartary was also preserved in the 6-volume Spanish encyclopedia Diccionario Geografico Universal, published in 1795, and, in a slightly modified form, in later editions of Spanish encyclopedias.
Title page of the Spanish Universal Gazetteer, 1795
Article about Tartary in the Spanish Universal Geographical Directory, 1795.
Well, now maps of Great Tartaria from different times and countries.
The fact that Europeans were very aware of the existence of various Tartaries is also evidenced by numerous medieval geographical maps. One of the first such maps is the map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartaria, compiled by the English diplomat Anthony Jenkinson, who was the first plenipotentiary ambassador of England in Muscovy from 1557 to 1571, and also a representative of the Muscovy Company - the English trading company founded by London merchants in 1555. Jenkinson was the first Western European traveler to describe the coast of the Caspian Sea and Central Asia during his expedition to Bukhara in 1558-1560. The result of these observations was not only official reports, but also the most detailed map at that time of areas that were practically inaccessible to Europeans until that time.
Tartary is also in the solid world Mercator-Hondius Atlas of the early 17th century. Jodocus Hondius (1563-1612) - Flemish engraver, cartographer and publisher of atlases and maps in 1604 bought printed forms of Mercator's world atlas, added about forty of his own maps to the atlas and published an expanded edition in 1606 under the authorship of Mercator, and indicated himself as the publisher.
The main population of this vast space were nomadic and semi-nomadic Turkic and Mongolian peoples, collectively known at that time to Europeans as “Tatars.” Until the middle of the 17th century. Europeans knew little about Manchuria and its inhabitants, but when the Manchus conquered China in the 1640s, the Jesuits there also classified them as Tatars.
The main religion of the peoples of Tartary in the early period was Tengrism, in the late period Islam (most Turkic peoples) and Buddhism (most Mongolian peoples). Some peoples professed Christianity (especially the Nestorian persuasion).
The first state formation throughout the territory of Great Tartary was the Turkic Kaganate. After the collapse of the unified Khaganate, states existed on the territory of Tartaria at different times: Western Turkic Khaganate, Eastern Turkic Khaganate, Kimak Khaganate, Khazar Khaganate, Volga Bulgaria, etc.
At the end of the 12th - beginning of the 13th centuries, the entire territory of Tartaria was again united by Genghis Khan and his descendants. This state entity is known as the Mongol Empire. As a result of the division of the Mongol Empire into uluses, the centralized state of the Golden Horde (Ulus Jochi) arose in the western part of Tartary. A single Tatar language developed on the territory of the Golden Horde.
In Russian, instead of the word "Tartaria", the word "Tataria" was more often used. (The ethnonym “Tatars” has a fairly ancient history). Russians traditionally continued to call the majority of Turkic-speaking peoples living on the territory of the former Golden Horde Tatars.
After the collapse of the Golden Horde, several states existed on its former territory at different times, the most significant of which are: the Great Horde, the Kazan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, the Siberian Khanate, the Nogai Horde, the Astrakhan Khanate, the Kazakh Khanate.
As a result of the transition of many Turkic peoples to a sedentary lifestyle and their isolation in separate states, the formation of ethnic groups occurred: Crimean Tatars, Kazan Tatars, Siberian Tatars, Astrakhan Tatars, Abakan Tatars.
From the beginning of the 16th century, states on the territory of Tartary began to fall into vassal dependence on the Russian state. In 1552, Ivan the Terrible captured the Kazan Khanate, in 1556 - the Astrakhan Khanate. By the end of the 19th century, most of the territory once called “Tartaria” became part of the Russian Empire.
Manchuria, Mongolia, Dzungaria (the “Tatar” part of East Turkestan) and Tibet by the middle of the 18th century. everyone came under the rule of the Manchu (that is, for Europeans of the 17th century, the “Tatar” Qing dynasty); these territories (especially Mongolia and Manchuria) were often known to Europeans as "Chinese Tartary".
Currently, the name Tataria is assigned to the Republic of Tatarstan (in Soviet times, the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic).
Map of Asia from the first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica.
A copy of the map of Asia from the Atlas of 1754 (taken from the Slavic-Aryan Vedas.
One of the oldest maps mentioning Tartary.
French map of Asia 1692 and map of Asia and Scythia (Scythia et Tartaria Asiatica) 1697.
Map of Tartaria or the “Empire of the Great Khan”. Compiled by Heinrich Hondius.
Map of Tartaria (fragment). Guillaume Delisle, 1706. The map shows three Tatars: Moscow, Free and Chinese.
Ethnographic map of Remezov.
Map of Great Tartary in 1706.
Russia according to the map of Anthony Jenkinson 1562 Engraving by Frans Hogenberg.
Tartaria, 1814.
The atlas “Theatrum Orbis Terrarum” (lat. Spectacle of the globe) - the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, was compiled by the Flemish cartographer, Abraham Ortelius (1527-1598). It was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570 and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that time.
Tartary appears on both the Dutch map of Asia of 1595 and on the map of 1626 by John Speed (1552-1629), an English historian and cartographer who published the world's first British cartographic atlas of the world, A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World). Please note that on many maps the Chinese Wall is clearly visible, and China itself is located behind it, and before it was the territory of Chinese Tartary.
Tartary on the Dutch map of Asia 1595.
Image of the earth's globe (author's right - assoc. Kartair). Mid 18th century Copper engraving. Conformal transverse azimuthal projection.
And here is the last map, which still has a similar name. It dates back to 1786:
