World map in high resolution in Russian. "Modern political map of the world
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1. MODERN POLITICAL MAP OF THE WORLD
1.1. Modern political map peace
What information does a political map of the world convey?
· A political map of the World - This is a geographical map that shows territories, borders, Largest cities all states of the world.
The main objects of the political map of the world are countries, territories and their borders.
· A country - territory, having certain borders, enjoying state sovereignty or being under the authority of another state and deprived of state independence (colonies, trust territories).
Today on the political map of the world there are 193 independent states: 43 in Europe (including Russian Federation); 48 in Asia (including the Palestinian State); 53 in Africa (without Western Sahara, the status of which is subject to regulation in accordance with the relevant decisions of the UN and the Organization of African Unity (OAU); 35 in the Americas; 14 states in Australia and Oceania.
· State - political form of organization of society. The main features of the state: 1) the presence of bodies exercising supreme power, extending to the entire population; 2) the presence of a right - a set of generally binding rules of conduct established by the state; 3) the presence of a certain territory over which the power and jurisdiction of a given state extends.
Each country has its own characteristics economic-geographical location (EGP), which is understood as the country’s position in relation to the centers of the world economy, raw materials and sales markets.
The process of state formation lasted several millennia. Some states (Egypt, China) have about 6 thousand years of history, others a little more than 200 years (USA). Some modern states in their current form have existed for less than 15 years (Eritrea, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, etc.).
The process of forming the political map of the world also goes back several thousand years. Its beginning is associated with the period of the primary stages of the social division of labor, the emergence of private property, which determined the social stratification of society. Its further deepening led to the intensification of state building and the struggle for the redistribution of spheres of influence. The change in social formations determined the boundaries of the main stages in the formation of the political map of the world. Among them:
1. Ancient - up to 5 v. AD, is characterized by the formation and development of such major centers of civilization as Egypt, China, India, and Mesopotamia. Many states ancient world originated in the Mediterranean and are associated with the heyday of Greece, Rome and Carthage.
2. Medieval - covers approximately V-XVI centuries. A large number of feudal states are emerging in Europe, trade ties between them are intensifying, and the territorial claims of feudal states against each other are causing numerous military conflicts. At this time, Byzantium, the Holy Roman Empire, Kievan Rus, the Muscovite State, Portugal, Spain, and England appeared on the map.
3. New - formation of a modern political map: ( From the 16th century to the end of the First World War) - corresponds to the entire era of the birth, rise and establishment of capitalism, the formation of the colonial empire. Thus, in 1876, only 10% of the territory of Africa belonged to Western European countries, while in 1900 it was already 90%.
4. Newest - from 1914 to the second half of the 90s. 20th century - associated with two wars, the October Revolution in Russia, the formation of the socialist and capitalist camps, with the political and economic confrontation between them. This stage also includes the collapse of the colonial empires of Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, the USA, Japan and a number of other metropolises, as a result of which more than 100 new independent states emerged in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
5. Modern - from 1990 to the present day. The most important events of this period, which radically changed the political map of the world, include:
· Collapse of the socialist camp;
· Collapse of the USSR into 15 sovereign states;
· Reunification of Germany with the GDR;
· The collapse of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia and the formation of seven independent states on their territory (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia).
· Separation of the independent state of Eritrea from Ethiopia;
· Reunification of Hong Kong with the PRC;
· Disintegration of Serbia and Montenegro into two independent states.
1.2. Diversity of countries of the world. Political system
When studying the political map of the world, various criteria are used to group states into groups. The most common of them are indicators characterizing the country:
1. by territory size:
· The largest(more than 3 million sq. km)- Russia, Canada, USA, China, India;
· Large (1-3 million sq. km) - Argentina, Mexico, Mongolia, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia;
· Average(less than 1 million sq. km)- Great Britain, Germany, Poland, Japan, Türkiye;
· Dwarf (less than 0.01 million sq. km)- Vatican, Andorra, Monaco, Liechtenstein, San Marino.
2. by population - the largest (million people) are China (1280), India (1045), USA (287), Indonesia (217), Brazil (174), Pakistan (148), Russia (145), Bangladesh (134), Nigeria ( 130), Japan (127).
3. by national composition of the population -single and multinational;
4. according to the characteristics of the geographical location -coastal, inland, island, peninsular, archipelagic countries.
Countries are also grouped according to such political characteristics as political system (monarchies and republics), administrative-territorial structure (unitary, federal, confederal).
If the unification of states is based on qualitative characteristics, then they speak of typologies countries
· Economically developed- approximately 60 countries of the world.
1) "Big Seven" - USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada - these countries account for about 50% of the world's GDP.
2) Smaller countries- The countries of Western Europe - their economic potential is noticeably lower, but in terms of GDP per capita, these countries are not inferior to the G7.
3) Countries of “settler capitalism” - Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel.
Developing countries- include more than 150 countries, home to about 70% of the world's population. This group is divided into:
1) Key countries – India, Brazil, Mexico, which have significant natural, human and economic potential, but in terms of GDP per capita are significantly inferior to developed countries.
2) Less developed countries of Latin America0 Asia and North Africa, whose GDP per capita exceeds 1 thousand dollars - Chile, Peru, Egypt, Tunisia.
3) Newly industrialized countries - Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, etc., achieved economic growth at the end of the 20th century.
4) Oil exporting- Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, etc., where, thanks to the influx of “petrodollars,” the per capita GDP indicator reaches the level of developed countries.
5) Lagging countries which are characterized by a multi-structured economy with strong feudal remnants and where the per capita GDP indicator does not reach 1 thousand dollars per year - Kenya, El Salvador, etc.
6) Least developed (poorest) countries, where consumer agriculture predominates, industry and services are practically absent, and GDP per capita is 100-300 dollars per year - Afghanistan, Nepal, Ethiopia, etc.
In this typology, it is very difficult to determine the place of post-socialist states, which in many indicators are not inferior to developed countries, but have a rather low GDP per capita. That is why countries such as Russia, the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, etc., are often identified as a special type. countries with economies in transition .
GDP (gross domestic product) -the total value of domestically produced goods and services in market prices for a certain period.
There are only two forms of government in the world - monarchical and republican.
· Monarchy - a form of government in which supreme power belongs to the monarch - king, duke, sultan, emir, prince and is inherited. There are 30 monarchies in the world.
Monarchies are:
1. Absolute - the power of the monarch is unlimited.
2. Constitutional - the power of the monarch is limited by the Constitution.
3. Theocratic - a form of government of the monarch when he is simultaneously the head of state and the head of the church.
· Republic - a form of government in which the highest legislative power belongs to an elected representative body - parliament, and executive power belongs to the government. More than 140 countries in the world are republics. Republics are divided into presidential ones, in which the president is vested with great powers and heads the government, and parliamentary ones, in which the main figure is the head of government, not the president. Presidential republics are: USA, Brazil, Argentina, Russia, etc., Parliamentary republics are Germany, Italy, India, Israel, etc. Socialist republics are China, Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam.
· A rare form of government are states within the Commonwealth. There are only 15 such countries. The formal head of state is the Queen of Great Britain, who is represented by the Governor General. These countries are former dominions of Great Britain (Australia, New Zealand, Canada, etc.).
In addition, the form of administrative-territorial structure can be unitary and federal.
· Unitary state - this is a form of administrative-territorial structure of the country in which there is a single, indivisible executive and legislative power in the country.
· Federal State – has a form of administrative-territorial structure of the country in which, along with unified (federal) laws and authorities, there are separate self-governing units (republics, lands, states, brands, etc.) that have their own legislative, executive and judicial authorities.
After the Second World War, the political map of the world reflected such important processes as the formation of a number of socialist states, the collapse of the colonial system and the emergence of dozens of liberated countries, and the growth of the non-aligned movement. But the main content of the entire post-war period was the global confrontation between East and West, “ cold war"between them. Numerous military-political alliances emerged, including two main ones: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO). In different parts globe Hundreds of military bases were created, and local wars broke out every now and then. Numerous centers of international tension and regional conflicts have emerged on the political map of the world.
Throughout the post-war period, the main “hot spot” remained the Middle East, including the Persian Gulf region. And not the least role in this is played by the historical interweaving of cultures and religions. Here the interests of not only Arab countries and Israel collide, but also of other states.
In the second half of the 1980s, international relations marked a transition from confrontation to mutual understanding and cooperation. Good neighborliness began to replace mistrust, suspicion and hostility. Nowadays this applies to relations between Russia, the CIS and the USA, between the countries of Europe, the Asia-Pacific region (APR) and other regions. The political map of the world reflects such important processes and phenomena as the unification of Germany, the formation of the CIS, the beginning of real disarmament, the dissolution of the Department of Internal Affairs, the proclamation by NATO countries of the Partnership for Peace program, in which our country participates. By political means it was possible to untie the tight knots of many regional conflicts.
As a result, international tensions have subsided, and the world has become calmer and safer. The United Nations (UN), which includes 185 countries, plays a great role in defusing tensions.
All changes occurring on the political map of the world are studied by a new branch of social and economic geography - political geography (geopolitics). Her areas of interest include: features of the social and state system, forms of government and administrative-territorial division, domestic and foreign policy, political and geographical position of countries, assessment of borders and border areas, assessment of borders and border areas, geographical differences in the social class structure population, religious, national composition of the population, etc. the main task – study of the geography of international relations, the balance of power between the great powers.
The geographical map of the world is overview map relief of the earth's surface. On geographical map the world is marked with a coordinate grid. The geographic map of the world does not display individual states and countries to generalize and simplify the display of surface relief above sea level (the darker the color, the higher the surface). A geographic map of the world clearly and concisely shows information about the main continents, seas and oceans and allows you to quickly create an image of the relief of the whole world. View geographic maps of the world online in Russian:
Detailed geographical map of the world in Russian:
Geographic map of the world close-up in Russian- opens in a new window in full screen. On the geographical map of the world in high resolution all continents with names are shown: Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Antarctica and Australia.
A geographic map of the Earth shows the location of the oceans: the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. A large geographical map of the world allows you to see seas, islands, peninsulas, bays, straits, lakes, deserts, plains and mountains. The geographical map of the world is a map of the globe and looks like a map of continents, seas and oceans. A geographic map of the world can be downloaded for free at good quality.
Geographical map of the world in Russian in large format:
Geographic map of the world with latitude and longitude coordinates, showing close-up currents of the world's oceans:
Geographic map of the world in Russian in large format opens in a new window in full screen. A high-resolution geographic map of the world shows a large-scale map of the world in good quality in Russian with parallels and meridians, with oceans and seas, with latitude and longitude, with seas and oceans. The geographical map of the world shows the plains, mountains and rivers, continents and continents of the globe. If you enlarge the geographical map of the world, you can see a separate geographical map of each continent.
Outline map of the world
Geography lessons at school often require contour map world:
The contour geographical map of the world opens in a new window in full screen.
What to see on a geographical map of the world:
First of all, on a geographical map of the world, the mountains and plains, marked in different colors, are striking (the darker the color, the higher the mountains). The highest mountains on a geographical map are indicated by the height of the peak above sea level. The most large rivers have a name on the map. The geographical map of the world indicates the most big cities. This map immediately shows where the oceans, seas, islands and lakes are located.
Continents and continents: Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America, Australia, Antarctica. The largest continent is Eurasia.
Oceans of the world: There are four oceans in the world - Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic and Indian. The largest ocean in the world - Pacific Ocean.
Largest seas in the world in descending order of area: the largest sea in the world - Sargasso Sea, followed by the Philippine Sea, Coral Sea, Arabian Sea, South China Sea, Tasman Sea, Fiji Sea, Weddell Sea, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Bering Sea, Bay of Bengal, Sea of Okhotsk, Gulf of Mexico, Barents Sea, Norwegian Sea, Scotia Sea, Hudson Bay, Greenland Sea, Somov Sea, Riiser-Larsen Sea, Japan Sea, Arafura Sea, East Siberian Sea.
The largest islands in the world in descending order of area: the largest island in the world - Greenland, followed by the islands: New Guinea, Kalimantan, Madagascar, Baffin Island, Sumatra, Great Britain, Honshu, Victoria, Ellesmere, Sulawesi, South Island (New Zealand), Java, North Island (New Zealand), Luzon, Newfoundland, Cuba, Iceland, Mindanao, Ireland, Hokkaido, Haiti, Sakhalin, Banks, Sri Lanka.
The longest rivers in the world: the most big river in the world - Amazon, after it there are rivers: Nile, Mississippi - Missouri - Jefferson, Yangtze, Yellow River, Ob - Irtysh, Yenisei - Angara - Selenga - Ider, Lena - Vitim, Amur - Argun - Muddy Channel - Kerulen, Congo - Lualaba - Luvoa - Luapula - Chambeshi, Mekong, Mackenzie - Slave - Peace - Finlay, Niger, La Plata - Parana - Rio Grande, Volga - Kama.
The highest mountains with a height of more than 8 km: the most big mountain in the world - Chomolungma, a little lower are the mountains: Chogori, Kanchenjunga, Lhotse, Makalu, Cho Oyu, Dhaulagiri, Manaslu, Nangaparbat, Annapurna I, Gasherbrum I, Broad Peak, Gasherbrum II and Shishabangma.
The largest lakes by continent: in Africa Lake Victoria, in Antarctica the subglacial Lake Vostok, in Asia - the salty Caspian Sea and fresh Lake Baikal, in Australia Lake Eyre, in Europe - the salty Caspian Sea and fresh Lake Ladoga, in North America - Lake Michigan-Huron, in South America America - salt lake Maracaibo and fresh lake Titicaca. The largest lake in the world is the Caspian Sea.
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Collection of world maps in Russian. Political, geographical, physical and satellite maps peace. Exotic world maps for Australia and USA. Any world map can be enlarged. Full sizes of world maps are from 1 to 5 Megabytes.
Google satellite world map in Russian:
World map - photo from a textbook in Russian:
Outline world map with country borders.
This world map shows which places have the largest populations. For example, it is noticeable that in Australia people live mainly on the East Coast, while almost the entire continent remains deserted. The most populous part of Russia is the Western part. One red dot on the map shows that 100,000 people live here.
On this world map, the territory of states is proportional to the population of the countries. For each country, the population is shown in millions of people.
This world map shows the relief earth's surface. It shows mountains and plains.
The unusual appearance of this world map is due to the fact that Australia is located in the center of the world map. Accordingly, all countries of the world and continents are located on both sides of it.
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