Maps of Mende with reference. Military history, weapons, old and military maps
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Why did we create this project... Strange as it may seem, all “sites” “projects” are created for practically one purpose - “traffic”. There are many areas of Internet projects: “contextual” sites, “video-photo” hosting, “galleries”, “catalogues”, “file” services, “clouds” of files, “forum” projects, etc. We haven't been spared either - this has happened. The same interest is in traffic, that is, in “visitors”. After all, all Internet “traffic” is “me, you, and you and me”, these are “people”, the people of the planet (who have access to the Internet), speaking in our language. We have the "create" interest, you have the "search" interest. This is what the Internet is based on, some create “sites-projects”, others look for “information useful to themselves”. This topic is not new for a long time, but it is our “hobby”. And that’s why we decided to open “such and such” a project for ourselves, it has already become dear to us. After all, “treasure hunting” is like a “drug”; it’s addictive and it’s hard to break out. Interest is constantly growing, and with every discovery you give an answer to your questions: “Yes, not in vain, not in vain.” And you rejoice like a child, even if you just found a “farm heel.” And the most important thing is that any “digger” has at least a “small” hope, but there is “that one and only hope”. For us, this is not a job, it’s really a “hobby”; we go out searching in our free time from work and family. Although, if you look at it, there is no “free” time? We simply run away from home under any pretext, just like children, sometimes we are ashamed in front of our beloved. Nothing can stop us, we just say that we are on vacation... :) Sometimes you spend the whole day walking through fields, abandoned farms, without “eating” anything, the water has run out, and all you have on your mind is “well, one more coin and All". And after this “one” there is another one, etc. You arrive in the evening, tired but happy, you show your loot (a bunch of coins and various junk) and she answers you, “Are you sick, how old are you?” Well, like in the joke “a husband returns from fishing with a crucian carp in his hand, and his wife hits him in the head with a frying pan.” But not everything is so bad, because now we have a “bunch” of interesting and beautiful coins that will remain for our descendants... We We decided to divide our “treasure hunter” project into different categories. The first category is the “contextual-file” part, where you can read or download text information about “treasure hunting” and download the map of “Tsarist Russia” you need from a “file hosting” or from the “cloud”. The second category is the “video catalog”, we have linked it to the YouTube hosting, where we post our video reviews of finds. The third category is the “forum part”, its idea is communication between “numismatists”, “diggers”, “collectors” and simply interested people, where you can find out more “broad” information about your find, as well as sell or buy interesting "coin". The fourth category is a “photo catalog” of our finds, where you can view and copy a “high-quality” photo of our cops, plus a photo rare coins on the planet with a description of each coin, including our finds. The fifth category is a “price catalogue” in which it will be possible to at least approximately know the “price of a coin”, although the true price is when there is a buyer for it. This is how we will share our “hobby” and give information to others who want to do it - this is not an easy, but quite enjoyable task. Good luck to everyone, find the one...Gambling hobby is contagious
we are in search of our dreams, in the hope of unearthing oblivion...
Have a nice stroll through our site!!!
Treasure is money or valuable objects buried in the ground or otherwise hidden, the owner of which is unknown and cannot be found, or has lost the right to them. According to Article 233 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the discovered treasure is divided equally between the finder and the owner of the land (building, structure) where it was found. However, the treasure hunter and the owner of the land can agree in advance on other proportions for the division of the treasure. If the treasure hunter has not received the consent of the owner of the land (building) where the treasure was subsequently discovered, then the treasure is completely transferred to the owner of the land (building). If the items contained in the treasure are of cultural value, they are transferred to the state. The state pays a reward for them in the amount of half the value of the found treasure. This amount is divided between the treasure hunter and the owner of the land (building) as described above. People hired to search for treasure, as well as those for whom searching for treasure is part of their professional duties (for example, archaeologists), are not treasure hunters and cannot lay claim to the treasure. In ancient times, a person who found a treasure buried in the ground became its owner if the treasure was not located on someone else's land. Some Roman emperors demanded that the found treasure be transferred to the treasury in whole or in part. After Nero’s expeditions for treasures, Adrian restored the ancient custom according to which a treasure found in one’s own land could not be taken away by anyone, but one found on someone else’s land should be divided between its owner and the finder of the treasure. According to British law, the discovered treasure belongs to the state; the finder is obliged to report the treasure to government authorities within 14 days, and failure to report entails criminal liability. The state may pay monetary compensation determined by independent experts (usually equally to the treasure hunter and the land owner), or return the treasure to the treasure hunter. In the United States, treasure laws vary greatly between states. In most states, treasure found on private land usually belongs to the finder; in other states (such as Idaho and Tennessee), the treasure always belongs to the owner of the land; and in Louisiana the treasure is divided equally between the treasure hunter and the landowner. The treasure, more than a century old, found on federal land, is considered archaeological value and belongs to the federal authorities. A treasure hunter is a person who is looking for treasures (not only buried, but also simply hidden in some way, or rather hidden). Treasure hunters are people who engage in this craft, both professionally and as a hobby. Archaeologists are not treasure hunters, since the search for treasures and treasures is not their direct responsibility, but rather it is a by-product of their activities. Treasure hunting is the purposeful actions of a person, as a result of which he finds a treasure (if this goal is achieved). In this case, a person must set in advance his immediate goal of finding the treasure. For this reason, archaeologists are not treasure hunters. Another type of treasure is considered to be gold mines, information about the location of which was lost for various reasons. Among the most famous and legendary gold mines are: King Solomon's Gold Mines.
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On the pages of this blog, I wrote quite a lot about the use of maps in our difficult but interesting business - treasure hunting. Thanks to maps, we learn about old villages, where they were located, how the street ran and when it existed and disappeared.
Using maps, we can even find places where no digger has gone before. So, last spring we found ourselves in an unbroken repair situation. On the PGM there was only a barely noticeable small square. But in fact, there actually turned out to be a settlement where the four of us did some good digging.
Thanks to maps we can make our own discoveries. After all, without them, you don’t know where to go, unless, of course, you talk with the local population or identify the tracts by the poplars that can be seen from afar.
In our time of heyday of the Internet, almost any maps, ancient or not, are easy to find and start working with them. In this article I will talk about some useful maps for coping, in particular those that I use myself.
Satellite images
I'll start with the newest cards. Satellite images are now of fairly good quality. From them we can see the current state of the place we are interested in. Is the field overgrown with forest, are there any houses left in the village, find out the way to the digging point. This is a very detailed map, but it is difficult to see changes in elevation. The terrain looks flat. The scale of the photographs is detailed. By the way, if one service does not have a detailed, clear image of the desired area, you can find one from another. For example, if Google’s terrain is blurry, then Yandex’s will most likely be of excellent quality.
General Staff cards
Quite interesting cards too. They are intended for the military, as the name suggests. But they were also popular with topographers, surveyors, geologists, road workers, and others who work on the ground. All General Staff maps are similar: sheets of individual squares, divided into smaller squares. The scale is different. From 250 meters to 10 km in 1 cm. I heard a couple of times that there are also hundred meters, that is, 100 meters in 1 cm. At the same time, the maps of the General Staff have a very low error and can be used with great success on a GPS navigator for orientation and navigation, as well as finding places to dig and plotting routes. All villages are clearly indicated and it is written how many inhabitants there were at the time the maps were created, the order of the location of streets, roads, and mills is shown. I often use it myself, besides, the General Staff is loaded into Ozik on my phone.
Red Army maps
Maps of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. They are very similar to the General Staff, but they began to be created back in the 20s of the last century. Due to a lack of funds, people and opportunities, pre-revolutionary maps were taken as a basis. These cards have limited coverage. Namely, you can find maps of the Red Army only in the western part of our country. There isn't even a Kirov region. Although, somewhere there was a mention that there are topographic maps older than the General Staff of our region. By the way, the inscription “Coordinate system 1942” is very often confused with the date of creation of this map. In reality this is not the case; here we are only informed about the coordinate system. And the date of shooting and release of the map is written in the upper right corner of the sheet. If the General Staff sheet was from 1942, then this would already be a map of the Red Army. According to the information I have, they were produced from 1925 to 1941. Scale from 250 m to 5 km in 1 cm. Having examined this map, it attracted me with its detail and relative antiquity. It shows even the smallest settlements. The number of yards is indicated. Definitely a great map for a search engine! But it’s a pity that it is not in our Vyatka region.
Schubert map
With your permission, a brief background. At the beginning of the 19th century, F. F. Schubert headed the corps of military topographers and under him a 10-verst map of the Western parts was created Russian Empire on 60 sheets. But for some reasons it turned out to be inconvenient for practical use. I had to start working on a new one. It began to be created under the direction of P. A. Tuchkov, but later Schubert took over the work on it. It covers the time period of almost the entire second half of the 19th century, starting in 1846. But the main work was done before 1863, when it amounted to 435 sheets. Further work continued at a similar pace. In 1886, 508 sheets were drawn. Basically, they used the already compiled ten-verst, only supplementing and clarifying it. Very good detail of objects. Literally everything you need is indicated: settlements, forests, rivers, roads, crossings, etc. There is even the nature of the relief. Its scale is 1 inch 3 versts or 1260 m in 1 cm. However, not all areas were drawn by Schubert. For example, Vyatka, alas, is not there.
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Strelbitsky Map
In the mid-19th century, I. A. Strelbitsky was part of the Military Topographical Department at the General Staff and was tasked with updating and supplementing the Special Map of the European Part of Russia. Strelbitsky supervised this work from 1865 to 1871. The new map consisted of 178 sheets and covered the European part of the country and parts of the adjacent western and southern provinces. The scale is very undetailed. There are 10 versts in 1 inch. And if we translate it in our manner, then 4200 m in 1 cm. In particular, this map was also used as the basis for creating maps of the Red Army. What can we say about the Strelbitsky map: there is a large error; only major roads and settlements are marked. It will fit, of course overview map, but I don't use it.
Mende Map
Its author is A.I. Mende. From 1849 to 1866, he led the work on creating a map in the central provinces of the Russian Empire. 40 surveyors and 8 officers of the Corps of Military Topographers worked to create this map. Its scale is 420 m in 1 cm. Very interesting map, but does not cover the entire European part of Russia. It's a shame... This is a boundary map with decent detail. Very similar to PGM.
PGM or General Survey Plan
The oldest map presented here and, despite its age, very accurate and detailed. Decree to create a plan general survey was given in 1796. Under Catherine the Great, mass land surveying began: the country's territory was divided into counties, and they were divided into dachas - plots of owners who had rights to these lands within certain boundaries. They were assigned numbers, and their decoding is given in the economic note, which was an addition to the plan for each province. The scale of the map is 1 or 2 versts per inch, which is the usual 420 meters per 1 cm. When applied to a modern map and when linking to satellites, you will encounter a difficulty - the error is quite large. After all, this is not a map tied to coordinates, but just a plan. But quite a detailed plan! You can get a lot out of it useful information for searching with a metal detector about the time of the appearance of the site, its size at that time, the location of the street and houses, roads and highways. Churches and church lands were marked, on which markets and fairs could be located, since these territories were not subject to taxes. The map is very interesting and I use it. It’s suitable as an overview map: look, think and go. I don't see the point in tying her up. But to put it on modern satellite images still worth it! By the way, some sheets, due to their dilapidation, may not be well preserved and instead of the places of interest you will see a hole.
Thus, we have just looked at those cards that are mainly used by treasure hunters. There are also other cards, but more on them later.
Each map is good in its own way and brings its own specific benefit to the digger when planning digging sites and studying the history of his region. And you need to use the maps at the same time, mentally superimposing them on each other and comparing the terrain in the old and more new map. These maps are the history of our country.
Where can I download?
Yes, right here on this blog. I recently started uploading old maps. You can view and download them.
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They are a source of invaluable information. But researching old maps and searching for them often raises many difficulties and questions. In this article we will try to answer some of them.
The principle of researching old topographic maps is simple: you need to try to find as many of them as possible for the area under study and compare the old maps found with corresponding modern topographic maps to identify any changes. These days, you don't necessarily have to go to a library or archive to look for old maps. Electronic copies of most topographic maps can be easily found in various electronic libraries and websites. But, nevertheless, sometimes the search old map is pretty challenging task, especially if you are looking for detailed maps, such as old county maps at a scale of 1 or 2 versts in English inches.
Before you start searching for old maps of the area you are exploring, you need to know that:
1) Topography, a relatively young science. The compilation of detailed topographic maps of the provinces and districts of the Russian Empire began at the beginning of the 19th century. Therefore, you should not waste time searching for detailed topographic maps of the 18th century and earlier.
2) First of all, topographic surveys were carried out on the border territories of the Empire and its densely populated central regions. Therefore, finding old maps of the northern, eastern and other sparsely populated areas of our country is very difficult.
3) Governorates and regions have undergone significant territorial changes over the centuries. Therefore, it is extremely important to study the history of the area you are studying, and it is necessary to find an answer to the question: which counties and provinces (regions) did this territory belong to and in what years?
Start by exploring the area under study by viewing small-scale maps and atlases of the Russian Empire, for example:
If, after reading historical information about the province, you could not establish which district the territory under study belongs to, then by superimposing the above maps on modern ones you can always find out.
Now, after we have found out which district and province the territory we were exploring was part of, we can begin searching detailed maps.
What kind of old cards are there?
During the 19th century, topographic surveys of almost the entire territory of the European part of the Russian Empire were carried out, based on the results of which detailed topographic maps, which are best suited for your research. Finding such old cards will not cause difficulties, since great amount Internet sites sell them or give the right to download them for free. A number of such cards are also presented on our website. Let's list some of them.
General survey plans
The oldest among detailed maps are. General survey plans were drawn up on a scale of 1-2 versts in English inches in the period from 1766 to 1861. During this period, plans were drawn up for 35 provinces. Basically, these are the central regions of our country. Plans were drawn without a single mathematical basis, they lack a coordinate grid. Therefore, despite their detailed scale, working with these maps is the most difficult, and in some places their quality leaves much to be desired.
Maps of Mende
General survey plans served as the basis for other old maps. These are the so-called Mende maps, named after Lieutenant General Alexander Ivanovich Mende, who led joint topographic surveys of the land survey department and the corps of military topographers in the period from 1849 to 1866. Based on the results of the surveys, survey atlases and maps of eight provinces of the Russian Empire were published: Tver, Ryazan, Tambov, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Simbirsk, Nizhny Novgorod and Penza provinces. Mende maps, as well as general survey plans, were drawn up on a scale of 1 or 2 versts in English inches, but unlike them, they have a coordinate grid and are more accurate.
Military topographic maps
Among old maps, military topographic maps occupy a special place. It is worth noting that in Russia in the 19th century, direct field (topographic) surveys were carried out by officers of the Corps of Military Topographers, and the collection, storage and publication of maps was carried out by the Military Topographic Depot. With this procedure, it was possible to achieve systematic topographic surveys, built on a scientific basis (on a network of geodetic reference points). Therefore, military topographic maps are distinguished by their uniformity, accuracy and detail.
The following military topographic maps are the most famous:
- Two-verst topographic map of the Moscow province. The basis is based on topographic instrumental surveys of the Moscow province, carried out by officers of the Corps of Military Topographers in 1838-1839 and 1852-1853. The map is published on 40 sheets on a scale of 2 versts per inch.
- Three-verst military topographic map, which covers almost all the provinces of the European part of Russia, with the exception of Moscow, and has more than 600 sheets. Despite the fact that the lieutenant general did not participate in the compilation and publication of this map, novice researchers of old maps mistakenly call it the Schubert map.
- Schubert's ten-verst map ().
- Map of Strelbitsky. Due to the outdated data of Schubert's map, in the mid-19th century there was an urgent need for more detailed and modern map European part of Russia. Therefore, in November 1865, the compilation and engraving of a new special card throughout European Russia, already edited by the General Staff of Captain Strelbitsky. The new one was a huge cartographic publication on 152 sheets and covered an area much larger than half of all of Europe.
Old maps of the Asian part of Russia
As you may have noticed, among the above topographic maps there are no detailed old maps of the Asian part of Russia. This is due, firstly, to the fact that these territories were sparsely populated and studied, and, secondly, they were remote from the Western borders of the Empire and therefore were of no interest to the Military Topographical Depot, whose main purpose was to provide reliable maps War Ministry.
Therefore, for many territories of the Asian part of Russia, maps with a scale of 20 versts in inches or more are the only old maps, such as:
- General map of Western Siberia with the Kyrgyz steppe, 1848
Nevertheless, for some areas of the Asian part of Russia there are also more detailed old maps:
- Road map along the rivers of Western Siberia: Ture, Tobol, Irtysh, Ob and Tom, 1884.
Other old maps of provinces and districts of the Russian Empire
In addition to the listed topographic maps, which are widely used on the Internet, there are other old maps that you can use in your work. Such maps were compiled to meet the needs of various government organizations: the postal department, provincial statistical bureaus, provincial zemstvos and others. The search for such old maps is especially difficult, since mention of them is not found in all catalogs and reference publications, so most often the discovery of such maps occurs by chance in various historical sources. For example, as applications, old maps are available in some lists of populated places, military reviews and other statistical publications.
An example is the following old maps:
- Postal map of Asian Russia and Siberia, published in 1871 by the Postal Department.
1872 The publication contains a description of all topographical and cartographic work carried out by the corps of military topographers.
On our website you can Russian Empire.
Good luck with your research!
Buyan-field - Flat, elevated place, open on all sides
Vzlobok - A small steep hill.
Veres - Juniper.
Volok (Volok) - Forest or forest clearing
Vspolye - The edge of the field, pasture.
Vyselok (Vyselok) - A small village, predominantly owned, located near single-patrimonial villages.
Greatest - Greatest, highest, highest.
City (G.) - A fortified or walled village. Management status assigned to a volost, district or provincial in relation to other settlements.
Griva - An oblong hill covered with forest.
Village - A village without a church, whose inhabitants are mainly peasants from various departments and live without a landowner.
Right hand - Right hand.
Dresva - Coarse sand.
Zapan - Backwater or river bay.
Zaseka (Zas.) - Defensive structure. It was a combination of dead wood apices, an earthen rampart and a ditch with forts and separate fortresses. The fortifications served as defensive lines that protected against raids by the Golden Horde, who systematically plundered and destroyed Russian cities and villages and took the population into captivity, as well as to protect roads.
Zybun (Zyb.) - A quagmire, an impassable (disastrous) place.
Koshevnik - Wood timber floated down the river.
Cumulus sands (Cumulus) - Accumulations of loose sand around bushes and shrubs... Height 30-50 cm, less often up to 1-2 m. In places they consist of gravel. They usually form in areas with close groundwater - on salt marshes, the coasts of lakes, seas and rivers.
Lying meadow - Worthless, bad meadow.
Monastery, monastery (Mon.) - These consist of various types of monastic hostels, the latter of which sometimes coincide in their meaning with graveyards or estates of the spiritual department.
Grange (m. or Grange) - If it is owned, then most of it is near single-patrimonial villages, or it has the meaning of an estate at a plant and factory, if it belongs to persons of the tax-paying classes.
Myanda - Pine.
Novina - Cleared but not plowed land in the forest.
Dump (Opt.) - A mound of waste rock, slag, formed during the development of mineral resources.
Oselok - Oselok Vlad. wasteland, a place abandoned by its inhabitants; fallow, lie low. Oselok, Oblesye, Oselok or obselye, psk. hard newly populated place, settlement, new settlements, settlement.
Oselye - Oselye is akin to an outskirts, the land around the village.
Perekop - Ditch.
Tares - Weed
Pogost (Pog. or Pogost) - Has a church and a population consisting of clergy and clergy. The word graveyard comes from the word guest. The place where merchants traded was called a graveyard. With the adoption of Christianity, churches began to be built near graveyards. In the 15-16th centuries. churchyards begin to die off, hence the word graveyard has a second meaning - a lonely church.
Undercut (Under.) - A cleared place in the forest.
Disgrace - Review, watch.
Midnight - North.
Posad (P. or Pos.) - An order of huts or a row of houses. A settled settlement located outside a city or fortress.
Pochinok, village and farm (Poch.) - Same as settlement. Farmsteads, however, often have the significance of estates due to their agricultural nature. New settlements arising on the first raised site were called repairs. When the original courtyard was replaced by one or two others, it became a village.
Wasteland (Pust.) - A village turned into a wasteland if there were no residential courtyards left in it and the arable land was abandoned.
Selishche - A large village or settlement where there is more than one church.
Village (S.) - A village with a church, whose inhabitants are mainly peasants from different departments.
Seltso (Sel.) - A village of an exclusively proprietary nature with a manor house and various landlord establishments, or a village in which a landowner lives with peasants or several landowners. A village that was previously a village may also have the name.
Sloboda, Forshtat (Slob.) - A village with more than one church, a settlement outside a city or fortress.
Thorn - Prickly bush
Estate (Us.) - They are of two kinds. Estates of the ecclesiastical department are similar in character to graveyards by the nature of the population. Owner's estates differ either in their agricultural nature or as the location of landowners at a factory or plant
Shuitsa - Left hand.
Church land (CL) - A plot of land belonging to a church parish or monastery
In this article you will learn what abbreviations and symbols were used on old Mende maps.
Mende Alexander Ivanovich for 17 years he conducted surveys and created topographic maps of some Russian provinces on a scale of 1 inch = 1 verst or 1 cm = 420 m; 1 inch = 2 versts or 1 cm = 840 m
Abbreviations on the map
Buyan-field- Flat, elevated area, open on all sides
Outrageous- A small steep hill.
Veres- Juniper.
Volok (Volok)- Forest or forest clearing
Vspolye- Edge of the field, pasture.
Vyselok (Vys.)- A small village, predominantly owned, located near single-patrimonial villages.
Great- Largest, highest, highest.
City (G.)- A fortified or walled village. Management status assigned to a volost, district or provincial in relation to other settlements.
Mane- An oblong hill covered with forest.
Village- A village without a church, whose inhabitants are mainly peasants from various departments and live without a landowner.
Right hand- Right hand.
Dresva- Coarse sand.
Zapan- Backwater or river bay.
Zaseka (Zas.)- Defensive structure. It was a combination of dead wood apices, an earthen rampart and a ditch with forts and separate fortresses. The fortifications served as defensive lines that protected against raids by the Golden Horde, who systematically plundered and destroyed Russian cities and villages and took the population into captivity, as well as to protect roads.
Zybun (Zyb.)- A quagmire, an impassable (disastrous) place.
Koshevnik- Wood timber floated down the river.
Cumulus sands (Cumulus)- Accumulations of loose sand around bushes and shrubs... Height 30-50 cm, less often up to 1-2 m. In some places they consist of gravel. They usually form in areas with close groundwater - on salt marshes, the coasts of lakes, seas and rivers.
Lying Meadow- Worthless, bad meadow.
Monastery, monastery (Mon.)- There are various types of monastic hostels, of which the latter sometimes coincide in their meaning with graveyards or estates of the spiritual department.
Manor (m. or Manor)- If it is owned, then most of it is near single-patrimonial villages, or it has the meaning of an estate at a plant or factory, if it belongs to persons of the tax-paying classes.
Myanda- Pine.
Novina- Cleared but not plowed land in the forest.
Dump (Op.)- A mound of waste rock, slag, formed during mining.
Touchstone- Oselok Vlad. wasteland, a place abandoned by its inhabitants; fallow, lie low. Oselok, Oblesye, Oselok or obselye, psk. hard newly populated place, settlement, new settlements, settlement.
Oselye- Oselye is akin to an outskirts, the land around the village.
Perekop- Ditch.
Tares- Weed
Pogost (Pog. or Pogost)- Has a church and a population consisting of clergy and clergy. The word graveyard comes from the word guest. The place where merchants traded was called a graveyard. With the adoption of Christianity, churches began to be built near graveyards. In the 15-16th centuries. churchyards begin to die off, hence the word graveyard has a second meaning - a lonely church.
Undercut (Under.)- A cleared place in the forest.
Disgrace- Review, watch.
Midnight- North.
Posad (P. or Pos.)- An order of huts or a row of houses. A settled settlement located outside a city or fortress.
Pochinok, village and farm (Poch.)- Same as settlement. Farmsteads, however, often have the significance of estates due to their agricultural nature. New settlements arising on the first raised site were called repairs. When the original courtyard was replaced by one or two others, it became a village.
Wasteland (Desolate)- The village turned into a wasteland if there were no residential courtyards left in it and the arable land was abandoned.
Selishche- A large village or settlement where there is more than one church.
Village (S.)- A village with a church, whose inhabitants are mainly peasants from different departments.
Seltso (Village)- A village of an exclusively property-owning nature with a manor house and various owner-owned establishments, or a village in which a landowner lives with peasants or several landowners. A village that was previously a village may also have the name.
Sloboda, Forshtat (Slob.)- A settlement with more than one church, a settlement outside a city or fortress.
Thorn- Prickly bush
Manor (Ust.)- They are of two kinds. The estates of the ecclesiastical department are similar to graveyards in terms of the nature of the population. Owner's estates differ either in their agricultural nature or as the location of landowners at a factory or plant
Shuytsa- Left hand.
Church land (CZ)- Land plot belonging to a church parish or monastery
If you don't know what the abbreviation is on the map, read our dictionary
