When and why chess began to be considered a sport? Chess - Sports Discipline Chess are considered a sport.
MBOU Gymnasium №11
Physical Culture
Report
On the topic:
"Chess"
Performed:
Bogatyrev Dmitry Vladimirovich
Student 9 "in" class of gymnasium№11
Teacher:
Sintsov in Yu
Samara 2018
Introduction
Chess - a logical game with special figures on a 64-cell board for two rivals, combining elements (in part), and.
The chess can also play player groups, against a friend or against one player; Such games are usually referred to as consulting. There is also the practice of simultaneous game sessions when one strong player plays with several opponents, with each on a separate board. The game is subject to certain rules; Official tournaments apply rules that regulate not only the movement of figures, but also the right of judge, the rules for the behavior of the players. The game software, software, have special rules. There are many with non-standard rules, figures, board sizes. The various aspects of a chess game (for example, classic "" and ""), including with the help of.
History
It is believed that the story of Chess has at least one and a half thousand years. There are many versions that explain the development of chess and their distribution throughout the world - "Indian", "Byzantine", etc. According to the most common of them, the first well-known game-progenitor, Chaturanga, appeared in India not later than the 6th century of our era, since Then the rules got it from there Persian Shah HosrarovI. Anushirvan (531-579). Once in neighboring countries, Chaturanga has undergone a number of changes. The descendant of her in the Arab East became the Sharant, and in Southeast Asia - Syanzi (China), Makruk (Thailand) and Sögi (Japan). Sharant in the IX-X centuries from Arabs got to Europe and Africa. European players continued to modify the game, as a result to the XV century there were rules that are known today as "classical". Finally, the rules were standardized in the XIX century, when international tournaments began to systematically. Since 1886, the title of chess champion is played. Since 1924, there is an international chess federation - FIDE, under the auspices of which, starting from the middle of the 20th century, the majority of international competitions are held.
rules
Board and starting position
The initial position of figures
The game occurs on a blackboard divided into equal square cells, orfield. Board size - 8 × 8 cells. Vertical ranks of fields (verticals) are latin letters frombut beforeh. From left to right, horizontal rows (horizontal) - numbers from 1 to 8 below up; Each field is denoted by a combination of appropriate letters and numbers. The fields are painted in dark and light colors (and are called, respectively, black and white) so that the adjacent vertical and horizontal fields are painted in different colors. The board is located so that the closest corner field to the right of the player was white (for white it is a field H1, for black - field A8).
The players at the beginning of the game are available at the same set of figures. The figures of one of the players are conventionally called "white", the other - "black". White pieces are painted in light color, black in dark. The players themselves are called "white" and "black" in the color of their figures.
In each set of figures includes: king, queen, two trough, two elephants, two horse and eight pawns.
White occupy the first and second horizontal, black - seventh and eighth. Pawns are located on the second and seventh horizontals, respectively
Shoes
The game is that the players are alternately doing moves. The first move is white. With the exception of taking the passage and castle described below, the course is that the player moves one of its figures to another field according to the following rules:
Figures, except horse, during the course are considered to be moving in a straight line in the plane of the board, that is, "passing" all fields between the initial and final, so all these fields must be free. If another figure is on the figure of the figure, then it is impossible to move the shape on the field. The exception is the move (see below).
The move on the field engaged in its figure is impossible.
With the course on the field engaged in someone else's figure, it is removed from the board (take).
The king goes to the distance 1 vertically, horizontally or diagonal.
The queen walks at any distance vertically, horizontally or diagonal.
Rye walks at any distance vertical or horizontal.
The elephant goes to any distance diagonally.
The horse goes to the field located at a distance of 2 vertically and 1 horizontally or 1 vertically and 2 horizontally from the current position. Unlike all other chess pieces, the horse's move is made outside the plane of the board, that is, the horse is directly moved ("jumps" from the initial field to the final and no figures standing on other fields, they cannot interfere with the horse. In particular, the horse can go to the field, even if it is completely surrounded by its own or other people's figures.
The pawn goes with a diagonal diagonal to one field forward or forward, and without capture - vertically on one field forward. If the pawn in this party has not yet done moves, it can make a move without taking two fields forward. The direction "Forward" is called the direction to the eighth horizontal for white or to the first for black. When the pawn goes to the last horizontal (for white - on the eighth, for black - on the first), the walking should replace it with any other figure of the same color except the king (transformation of pawns). The transformation of the pawn is part of that course with which it moves to the last horizontal. Thus, if, for example, the figure turned out of the pawn threatens the enemy's king, then this king as a result of a pawn to the last horizontal appears immediately under Shah.
The field is calledlocated under the blow Figures orbimIf at your course the figure could take the opponent's figure on this field (regardless of whether such a figure is on this field). The field is considered broken, even if the figure actually is not possible there, as it puts under the battle of your own king.
In addition, there are two special strokes:
Castling - If the king and one of the looses of the same color did not move from the beginning of the game, then the king and this rook can in one turn simultaneously change the position (rocked). When castling, the king is shifted by 2 cells towards the root, and the rook is put on the field between the initial and final position of the king. Cocking is not possible if the king or the corresponding rook has already walked. Cocking is temporarily impossible if the field on which the king is standing, or the field that it should cross, or the field that it should occupy is under a blow of one of the enemy's figures, or if there is any figure between the king's crooked and roof. Cocking is considered to be the move of the king, and not the rook, so the castling should be started with the rearrangement of the king, and not the rook.
Take on aisle - When the pawn makes a move on two cells through a broken field under the blow of the enemy's pawn, then she can be taken by the opponent's pawn. At the same time, the enemy's pawn moves to a broken field, and the pitched pawn is removed from the board (see the chart on the diagram). Taking on the passage is possible only directly in response to the course of the pawn through a broken field, on the following moves it is no longer allowed.
Shah, mat and pat
The king located on the bit field is called "standing under". Make a move after which the king of the enemy turns out to be under Shah, it means to "declare Shah." Moves, after which the king of the progress remains or turns out under Shah, prohibited; The player, the king of which is under Shah, is obliged to immediately eliminate it.
If the king of the player is under Shah and the player does not have a single move that allows you to eliminate this shah, this player is called "I received". The goal of the game is to put the mat to King the enemy.
If the player at his turn turns does not have the ability to make a single course according to the rules, but the king of the player is not under Shah, such a situation is called Pat.
The result of the game
The game is completed by the winning one of the parties or draw.
The winnings are fixed in the following cases:
did not appear at the party during the time-defined time tournament rules (there is currently a zero delay, if the organizers of the competitions did not solve otherwise);
interrupted the party (he began the party, but refused to continue it);
roughly violated the rules or did not obey the judge;
Mat. The player who put the mat wins.
One of the players surrendered. The player who has decided that further resistance is meaningless, can surrender at any time, for this he is enough to declare aloud "I give up." Stop the chess clock does not mean recognition of the defeat because it can be used to call a judge. The opponent of the surrendered announced by the winner.
One of the players crushed the time. His opponent is announced by the winner, for some exceptions described in the "Time Control" section.
Technical victory - Awarded in the official tournament to the player if his opponent:
When playing in Blitz or quick chess (less than 60 minutes for the whole party), the stroke prohibited by the rules, and the enemy noticed the mistake to his opposition.
Also, the technical victory can be awarded for a unreclaimed game if the player in this round for any reason is not the opponent and the rules for holding the tournament specifically stipulate this case (for example, if the opponent, with whom the party was supposed to be held, dropped out of the tournament Or with an odd number of players in the Swiss system tournament.
A draw is recorded in the following cases:
Pat.
Matte position can not be achieved by any sequence of moves (For example, on the board there was an insufficient number of figures for setting Mata by any player - say, the king and one elephant against the king).
Troekt repetition position (Not necessarily for three moves in a row), and in the concept of the position here includes the location of the figures, the stroke and possible moves (including the right to castle and take on the passage for each side). To fix a draw, a player who has noticed a three-time repetition of the position should turn to the judge; Otherwise, the game continues. Since July 2014, the party is also considered to be ending in the casefivefold repetition The same position for five consecutive moves of both players, and the statement of the players is not required for this.
Rule 50 moves. Both sides made 50 last moves without taking and without a walking. As in the case of a three-time repetition of the position, the draw is recorded only at the request of one of the players. In the 20th century, this rule changed repeatedly, various exceptions were added to it. Now all exceptions are canceled, and the rule of 50 moves is valid in any positions. Since July 2014, the party is also considered to be ending with a draw (without the statement of players), if both sides made 75 moves without taking and without a walking.
Players agreed on a draw, That is, one of the players offered a draw, she accepted her. To offer a draw, it is enough to say "draw". If the enemy does a move without responding to a proposal of a draw, it is considered rejected. Recently, in some tournaments, the so-called "Sofia Rules" apply, limiting the possibility of an agreement on a draw.
One of the players crushed the time. In some cases described in the "Time Control" section, a draw is counted.
The player has less than two minutes left, but his opponent did not try to win "normal means", or such a win is impossible. At the request of a player who has less than two minutes left, the judge may in this case may count the draw. For more information about this, see "Time Control".
Accrual of glasses
Depending on the result, the player receives the following points:
Winning - 1 point;
Draw - ½ points (introduced at the tournament in Dundee in 1867);
Loss - 0 points.
In some competition, glasses are accrued on other systems, for example, "football": 3 for winning, 1 for a draw and 0 for losing.
In tournaments, where all players (teams) play an equal number of parties, the winner is determined by the number of points scored in batches or micromatches (in the case of equality, various coefficients are used).
Tournament rules
Professional competition requirements led to the creation of tournament rules, uniforms for all players. Their acceptance affected the basic rules of the game (Tronoul-Hody, taking on the aisle, etc.).
Error correction
If during the game it is found that the board is incorrect, the error must be fixed outside the game time: the board with preserving position is set so that the opposite white field of the H1 is placed white.
If it is found that the initial layout of the figures was erroneous, the figures are set in the desired order, only if no more than three moves (rule 3 of the moves) was made.
A player who made erroneous (not allowed by the rules) is obliged to move, if possible, the same figure. If the erroneous move is noticed at once, the party must be replayed from this place.
Exception: in the blitz party, if the player made an erroneous move, and this enemy noticed this without making a response, the player is counted defeat. However, if the enemy did a move or took up any shape, the game continues.
If it is impossible to restore the position at the moment when an erroneous move was made, the party is replayed with the last one known before the erroneous position of the position.
For the first erroneous move, the player is punished by the fact that his opponent is added to 2 minutes, if he has less than 5 minutes. For the second erroneous move, the player is counted defeat.
If the player intends to make a castle, by mistake first moved the root, he must make the go of the rook. If the player made an illegal casting (for example, through a broken field), it should instead of doing the king, if such a move is possible.
If, after the start of the tournament party, it is found that rivals play figures of the wrong color that should be according to the tournament schedule, then the party is replayed.
Ban on refusal
Can't be taken back the proposal made of a partner.
Could not be taken back made by the player's application for delivery (losing) party.
It cannot be taken back (changed), if it was made and a hand taken from the figure, except in the case when the stroke is impossible.
Rules "TRONUL - HOD" and "Hand took away - the move is made"
The following rules include onlydeliberate Touch to figurewith its progress.
A player who touched his figure is obliged to go this move by this step.
A player who touched to someone else's figure is obliged to take it on this go.
Touching your figure, which does not have the course according to the rules, or to someone else's figure, which is impossible to take in this go, no consequences will take place.
Cocking is considered to be the move of the king. thereforewhen castling, you must first move the king, then fine. If a player, wanting to make a casting, mistakenly at first touched the rook, it should instead of castling to make the course of this rook.
If the player touched up to several figures that can be walking or that can be taken, he should walk to one or take the figure to which he touched the first. Exceptions:
If the player touched his king and owes them to walk, then to his rook, and castling towards this area is possible, he must make this castling.
If the player touched his figure and owes her to walk, then to the enemy's figure, which can be taken by this figure, he must take this taking.
If the player touched the opponent's figure and obliged to take it, then to his figure, which you can take this enemy figure, he must take this taking.
If the player, by virtue of the above, is obliged to make a certain course, the subsequent touch to the figures on this move will not be affected by any consequences.
If you can not install, which figure was the first to be the first, it is believed that this is a player's figure for which the turn is, not his partner. (FIDE rule 4.3)
If a player wants to fix an inactive figure, he must say "correlating" and only after that correct the figure. In this case, touching the figure does not entail any consequences.
Random touch of the figure, for example, if the player hurt the shape of the hand, making another move, no consequences leading.
Touching Figures during someone else's progress.
When the player took his hand from the figure, moving it to another field, the move is considered complete and cannot be taken back (if it complies with the rules). Before the hand is taken away, the player can return the figure to the original field and, if he wants, make her any other move. This rule is known as "took his hand - the move is made." Exceptions and features:
Cocking can not be taken back from the moment the player took his hand from the king.
Conducting a pawn: After the player took his hand from the pawn, he can't go to her. The choice of shape cannot be changed from the moment when the figure touched the transformation field.
The move is considered to be completed when all the following conditions are fulfilled:
The player released his hand from the figure, which did the move.
In the event of taking - the player took the figure with a chalkboard, which he took.
In the event of a casting - the player rearranged the king and the root and let go of the rook.
In the case of a pawn - the player released his hand from the new figure, put on the transformation field.
Only after thatthe same hand Switched chess clocks.
The player loses the right to declare a violation of the opponent of these rules after he himself touches the shapes to make his next move.
Time control
Chess watches
Since the XIX century, control of time is used. It was originally carried out with an hourglass, later, in 1883, Englishman Thomas Bright Wilson (Thomas.BrightWilson.) Designed mechanical chess clock. The game has the concepts of cetenical, loss in time, or draw in the best gaming situation, but with the worst time, Blitz. Nowadays, electronic chess clock are increasingly used.
All official parties must use time control. This uses special chess clocks. A player who has moved, presses the button that stops his clock and the opponent's running clock.
To the time-defined tournament rules, the start of the party, the judge launches the player's watch playing by white figures, regardless of whether he came or late. In addition, the rules of the tournament can define an additional penalty for a late player. The usual practice is to doubling the time of late; If a player has not started a batch for half of the main time limit, it is counted technical defeat for non-appearance.
The player's time is considered to be expired if the checkbox fell on his watch and this fact noticed the judge, or noted one of the players and drew the judge. At the same time, the player who has fallen a check box is counted, except for the following cases:
If the board stands on the board, who put it won, no matter whose checkla is fell.
If on a platform board or draw in accordance with the rule of triple repetition of the position or the rule of 50 moves, a draw is counted.
If the party was not over, but it was found that the flags fell from both players (this can happen when playing with a mechanical clock, if the opponent player, the first cultivated time, did not notice the fall of the rival check box and did not stop the clock, and preyd to fall his own flamber) No matter who the first has expired time, draw a draw.
If one of the players who did not fall the checkbox cannot put the mat in principle, even with the worst enemy's game, draw a draw.
If the time limit is less than 60 minutes per batch, the judge does not have the right to pay attention to the fallen check box. The victory or draw on the fallen flag is counted only at the request of the players.
Draw in stittle
If the player has less than 2 minutes of time until the end of the party, and he believes "that the partner does not try to win the party with normal means, or that it is impossible to win by normal means," the player can stop the clock and turn to the judge with the requirement of the ad note. The judge has the right:
agree with the opinion of the player and declare an draw immediately
postpone the decision. At the same time, the enemy can be added for 2 minutes, the judge, if possible, personally monitors the game and makes a solution before or after falling the checkbox. If the judge agrees with the opinion of the player, he is obliged to declare a draw.
immediately reject the requirement, in this case, the opponent is added 2 minutes of time
(FIDE Rules, Article 10)
These rules, however, do not apply to the Blitz (less than 10 minutes for the entire game of each opponent).
Technical Rules for Accessing Gaming Clocks
The game hours button should be pressed by the same hand that moves. Without this, it is difficult to unambiguously determine what happened before - the course or switching hours.
With someone else's progress, the player is prohibited to touch the clock buttons or "hang" with a finger over the button.
The player who needs the intervention of the judge (for example, registration of a draw due to a triple repetition of the position), has the right to stop the clock (the mechanical clock stops by bringing both buttons to the "double-sufficient" state that is usually made by one hand, electronic - by pressing a special button). If the judge considers that the player's claim is clearly unreasonable, he may be fined the player by reducing his time or adding his time to his opponent.
Putting a party
The tournament rules may provide for the beginning of the party in one day, and continued (replay) into one of the following. In this case, the time of completion of the game in a game day is determined, and upon reaching this time the player whose turn goes should postpone the party, which is then flimsy into a day defined by the tournament rules. The party is postponed as follows: the player whose turn goes at the time of postponing the party, thinks over the next course with the clock included, after which, instead of making the course on the board, writes it on a special form and conveys the judge in the sealed envelope; No one, besides this player, should not know what move is made. After that, the judge stops the clock, recording their testimony. Before starting the replay, the position at the time of laying is restored, the testimony of the game clock is reproduced, after which the judge reveals the envelope, makes a recorded stroke on the board and launches the second player's watch.
Outdated and now not applicable rules
Until now, among lovers, there are sometimes attempts to follow the old, long-revised or never used in the official practice of the rules. Some of them are listed below:
If the king has reached the last horizontal, then a new pawn of the same color is put on the original field of the corresponding vertical. Rules options: Pawn is put on the same move; next one; on any cell the second from the player horizontal; Anyone except broken fields. The rule is absolutely not correlated with modern.
If the king is at least once under Shah, the castling for it becomes impossible.
Requirement to pronounce loud "Shah!", "Mat!", "Pat!", "Garde!" (Last - when attacking the queen). Currently, the requirements verbally denote the appearance of one or another position is not presented. An attempt to make a move Contrary to Shah or Mata is considered as an error and is corrected.
If the figure, which the player touched, there is no progress according to the rules, or if you can not beat someone else's figure or pawn, the player must make a "penalty" king. According to modern rules, touching their figure, which does not have a move, or someone else, which cannot be taken, no consequences will take place.
Pawn When reached the last horizontal can only turn into a figure, removed from the board earlier. Deals with a limited set of features of the standard set, therefore it is used in an amateur environment everywhere.
Pat means losing a swimming side.
Chess options
In addition to well-known classic chess described in this article, there are a large number of other options for a chess game. There are national chess options, for example, common in South Asia: Syanzi, Sögi, Changi, Makruk. Some options use additional figures and / or unusual boards, so, are known options on large boards, on round boards, with figures that combine the moves of a horse and a rook and / or horse and an elephant, with a store (figure, combining the moves of the queen and horse ) Instead of the Queen, courier chess, hexagonal chess (played on a hexagonal board consisting of hexagon fields).
There are chess for more than two players: three- and four-sided chess in which three or four players play for one board (a couple of or everyone for themselves), managing each of the figures, as well as the "command" chess options, where the game The team is underway to the team on one or more boards, and on the passage of the party behind one board, the actions of more than one player from each team are influenced.
The invention of new chess options were fascinated by many chess composers, as well as scientists, amateur chess players and professionals. Kapabalanki chess are known, for example - on a 10 × 8 board, with two new figures. Recently, Fisher's chess is becoming increasingly acquired - a game of classical rules, but with random initial layout of figures on the last horizontals, as well as free chess (chess-5039), where one of 5039 possible arrangements on the 1st horizontal (anyone except Classical) Choose white, blacks arrange their figures symmetrically. In terms of variants, the rules have been preserved unchanged (or minimally changed), and only the initial layout of the figures is changed. In addition to the fisher and free chess chess already mentioned, Kingches and combat chess are.
Chess as sports
Chess is an organized sport with a hierarchy of the titles, a developed system of regular tournaments, national and international leagues, chess congresses. Professional sport has led to the emergence of professional athletes, coaches, journalists, functionaries based on the army of game lovers.
International Chess Federation
The main body engaged in the organization of international chess competitions is organized by. In many countries of the world, national chess players also exist.
FIDE is a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), but chess as such never belonged to the Olympic Sports. However, sometimes chess fall into the program of multistiversity competitions: for example, men's chess tournaments, women and mixed teams were held in the framework of the Summer Universiade of 2011, the Summer Universiade 2013, as well as chess included in the Asian Games Program.
A separate chess Olympiad is held on chess, which takes place every two years and is a command competition. In addition, chess is among the five main types of world-wide intelligent games.
Professional Chess Association
In 1993, at the initiative of Harry Kasparov and Nagel Short, a professional Chess Association (PSH) was organized. She entered her a number of grandmasters, not agreeing with FIDE policies. PSHA conducted his own chess championship. Exiting until 1996, PSHs stopped his existence, having lost the sponsors, after which the world champions according to the version were called "champions of classic chess".
International Chanistery Chess game
In 1928, a correspondence chess game was created in 1928 (from 1951 International Federation of Correspondence Chess, ICCF). The officially recognized world championships, the National Championship are held, there is a rating, international and national sports ranks (Gossmaster ICCF, a master of sports of Russia according to correspondence, etc.). Currently, shipping is carried out not only by ordinary mail, but also electronic.
Olympic Games
In 2018, for the first time in history, chess were presented in the program of the Winter Olympic Games, which were held in the South Korean city of Pytenchhan as an exhibition sport.
The content of the article:
Surely you know that chess are an ancient game that appeared in India. However, chess as sport was recognized as IOC only 13 years ago. However, this is not the most interesting fact, because in the UK, this ancient game was recognized as sports discipline only in 2006. According to the information voiced by the President of the International Chess Organization (FIDE), Kirsan Ilyumzhinova, in 2018, chess as sport debut at the Olympic Games.
He held a conversation on this issue with the head of the Committee for the preparation of the 2018 Olympics, and an agreement was reached between the parties. However, while chess will act as an exhibition sports discipline. The number of teams that will be able to participate in this, without a doubt of the historical event, while is in the process of discussion. Similarly, things are concluded with the regulations of the first Olympic chess tournament.
Chess is a sport or not?
It should be noted that from an etymological point of view the word "Sport" is not entirely the fact that most of the NA assumes. This concept is a reduction from the English word "Disport", which can be translated as "toys" or "entertain". As you can see, there is not even a hint of physical culture. Agree that board games are entertainment.
In our concept, sport is a specific family of physical or intellectual activity, which is committed in order to compete with other people. It is quite obvious that for victory it is necessary to work a lot in training. Most people are confident that the sport firstly implies a person's ability to overcome themselves.
Sport is a contest and to a certain extent even aggression, because otherwise it is difficult to become a winner. All above, the fully said can be attributed to chess. In this regard, it is not entirely clear why many people do not consider chess as a sport. In the concept of most of us, sports is associated with force and dexterity, not intelligent activities.
Recognition of chess as sports
Note that today chess as sports is recognized as a hundred states of the planet. We have already noted that in 2018, chess as sport debut on the Winter Olympics. This is a significant breakthrough, let the status of chess and is exhibition. For many years, FIDE held their own chess Olympiads, but now a fundamentally new level of development of this sport has been reached.
It is interesting to notice that not only chess among intellectual sports for a long time is not presented at the Olympics. If the chess is resolved with chess, then checkers, go, bridge and Chinese chess are still waiting for their own hours. However, there are worldwide intellectual games for these sports under the auspices of IMSA (International Intelligent Game Association). The management of this organization plans to achieve for intelligent games of the same status that Paralympic Games now have.
It is not entirely clear why many people have the opinion that sports is connected exclusively with human physical qualities. Surely you know the saying about the father who had three sons. Two of them were smart, and the third became an athlete. However, if you analyze the history of sports over the past 10 or 15 years, the best results show athletes that are well developed not only physically, but also intellectually.
Today there are many sports disciplines in which far from physical indicators are far away. As an example, you can cite, say, shooting. At the same time, even in those sports where only the reaction rate or force seemingly important, the intelligence of athletes is also important. The Russian Chess Academy conducted a survey on the effect of chess on various sports. For example, winners of arm wrestling tournaments stated that in their free time they actively play chess and it helps them to win in their sport.
We want you to offer a chess comparison as a sport with tennis. Often you can hear the opinion that tennis is chess in motion. Let's see how true it is.
Intellectual component
- Chess - contribute to the development of intelligence and creative thinking. It is also proven that this sport has a positive effect on memory. For victory, there is excellent strategic thinking here, and in some situations and the ability to quickly accept competent solutions.
- Tennis - The match strategy is planned before it started, and each combination must be calculated several steps forward. Tennis players should be able to quickly analyze the situation on the court and make appropriate changes to their plans.
Physical training
- Chess - Without maintaining an excellent physical form of athletes, they simply cannot conduct high-quality long-term workouts.
- Tennis - without good physical training it is simply impossible to win. The coordination of movements in this sports discipline has important in this sports discipline.
Psychology
- Chess - Athletes are preparing for tournaments individually, and in such a situation, psychology takes one of the key positions. During the match, it is also necessary to remain calm, because unnecessary emotions can lead to defeat.
- Tennis - Similarly, the situation is also in this sports discipline.
Chess as Professional Sport
To achieve good results in chess, it is necessary to start doing this sport from an early age. This is fully fair for any sports discipline. Now to achieve good results in professional sports, it is necessary to invest decent money. Those parents who dream of seeing their child in the future at the Olympic pedestal are forced to carry serious financial losses. Chess are not an exception to this rule.
In such a situation, without supporting sports from the state, it is very difficult to do. Just look at the results of China's athletes. In this country, the government spends a big day on the development of children's sports and the results of this are already noticeable. Here it should be said that in some European countries, chess is included in the school program. Actually, it is not necessary to walk far, because in Kalmykia for more than a dozen years, chess are taught at each school as an elective. As a result, many grandmaster international levels appeared in this republic.
Perhaps we did not convince someone that chess can be fully considered sports. However, no one will argue that they are the main intellectual sports discipline. Thanks to chess, you can significantly improve your memory and logic.
As an argument against, there is often a lack of sufficient physical training in grandmasters. However, you can see that not everyone can be able to sit for several hours during the board. In addition, it is known that many chess players use physical exertion to remove stress after matches and training.
Psychology has extremely important in any sport. Remember 1994 and the Football World Championship final when Dino Bagjo could not score post-chapted penalty. In training, he would easily make it 9 times out of 10, but at such an important moment could not cope with his own emotions. In chess, the situation is similar and if there were equal rivals for the board, the one who has better psychological training will be defeated. You can discuss on this topic indefinitely long, but we are confident that our today's article will allow you to reconsider your point of view, and will help you begin to treat chess as sports.
Shackox: Combination Chess and Boxing
Today we are talking about chess as sports and in this situation there may be an interesting information about Shackox. This sport appeared in Germany and is now very popular in some European countries. This discipline is a combination of chess and boxing, which at first glance it seems simply impossible.
Eleven rounds are held in Shahbox, of which six are chess and last 4 minutes each. The remaining five rounds are boxing, and their duration is two minutes. A pause between each round is a minute. To win, you need to win a chess game or a boxing match. Note that the overall duration of the chess game leaves 24 minutes. If a draw was recorded, the athlete who played with black figures was considered the winner.
Today in this new and unfamiliar for our compatriots, there are already more than four dozen clubs, and various tournaments are actively conducted. Agree that after reading the schedule of the match in Shahbox, you immediately ask for a question, what chances of winning the chess player against the boxer can be?
With a more detailed study of this sport, it turned out that not only boxers, but also grandmasters take part in Shahbox. Each boxing round lasts two minutes and chess players are quite difficult to resist boxers, but no less hard to suppress adrenaline and restore the normal emotional state after chess rounds.
More about chess competitions, see here:
Once there happened a story that sometimes leads as a visual example of various attitudes to. A young Canadian player with Russian surname Kuznetsov asked the head of the sports department of his province to help perform the Junior world championship, highlighting a certain amount. And received the answer that he could not do this. After all, he has not yet decided, chess - sport or empty pastime, and not sure if Kuznetsova can be considered an athlete. Without confused, the chess player with sarcasm answered: "If Mikhail Tal is played, then it is a great art. If I play, then. But if you sit for the board, then it will be time. " After that, the future FIDE (International Chess Federation) and the 54th Player of Canada proudly came out.
International grandmaster Mikhail Tal is the famous Soviet chess player. In 1960, he became the eighth world champion. Different sharply attacking combination game, often going to beautifully conscious sacrifices of figures.
Supporters of Chess as a sport have any other arguments. Among them is the existence of children funded by the state, holding the championships of Russia and the world, both among individual players, and precisely professionals and among clubs and even national teams. As well as international tournaments with a large prize foundation.
In favor of the sports orientation of Chess, in particular, the inclusion of them on the list of gaming species and into a single classification with the assignment of such titles as a master of sports of Russia, a master of sports of international class and grandmaster. The chess and the annual calendar of the competition held under the auspices of the Ministry of Sport of the Russian Federation.
What an argument is curious and such an argument: professionally engaged in the hall or in the stadium by any kind of sport, a person is increasing his musculature, muscle mass. And spending many hours behind the board with figures or by a computer, developing debuts and endings, actively increasing the level of its intelligence. What is not a sport?
By the way
In one of the social networks, its visitors asked to answer than they were chess, offering seven options to choose. 2538 people spoke. 792 (31.21%) Of these, they chose SPORT, 751 (29.63%) as an answer, the art, 360 (14.18%) preferred the "Hobby" option, 292 (11.51%) consider this game . Finally, 195 visitors (7.68%) are confident that chess is a science. By the way, it was difficult to answer only 88 (3.47%) voting participants.In 2010, the Center for Studying Public Opinion interviewed 1600 Russians, also offering them to answer: "Chess - Sport or Hobby?" And the overwhelming majority of respondents - 69% - spoke in favor of the sport.
Chess as hobby
The main argument that supporters of such a version - learn to play and continue to be able to even an ordinary child. That this is a very simple game, to master which it is not necessary to attend some specialized sections. Yes, and you can move the shapes even on the beach or a park bench, at any time and without giving the result of a serious value.They support them and those who are confident: with the appearance of Internet grandmasters and computer developments, chess turned into an intellectual, precisely scientific game. And the competitive principle remained from the sport.
Most people have sports associated, first of all, with force, speed, physical exertion, endurance, dexterity. But when it comes to chess, they are perceived only by desktop game and, perhaps, the "simulator for the mind" at leisure. Such a concept as "Chess - Sport" is alien to most chess lovers, as well as people at all are not familiar with the wise game. Only true chess professionals are known why, in fact, this sport is also such.
Sport is, first of all, the ability to overcome yourself, to achieve ideal and skill in what you can dedicate most of your time. For this, both intellectual development and physical skills, grueling workouts and psychological sustainability are needed. Well, of course, sports is an alloy of ambitions, struggle, competitive effect, aggression, desire for titles and awards.
More than 100 states in the world recognized chess as a sport. In 1999, chess were recognized as a sport in the International Olympic Committee, but still not the Olympic species remain.
There is an opinion, even though people and strong, but, straight speaking, are not very mentally developed, and sometimes not far away. This opinion is controversial, since the high results in sports have sought, first of all, "intellectuals". For example, Boxers Vladimir and Vitaly Klitschko, Lennox Lewis or a long-term coach of Donetsk Shakhtar Mircea Lucescu. All of the above athletes play chess using the game on 64-cells as a toning agent for the brain and distraction from physical and nervous loads.
As for the intellectual component of chess, it is indisputable. Chess - Intelligent Sport Number One in the World. In addition to the development of creative thinking, they develop memory, the ability to respond to their own actions, logic, imagination. Oddly enough, physical training for a professional chess player is also very important. This is due to the fact that working at a chessboard for 6-7 hours (it is so much the maximum lasts a serious chess party, and sometimes more) in high-quality mode a physically weak athlete can simply be able to. In addition, physical exertion is useful as a "discharge" from nervous voltage and psychological pressure experienced during parties. In other sports, such tension is removed by movement and dynamics, the chess player is in a larger state until the end of the party. Well, of course, the psychological component of chess. If the rivals are approximately equal, this feature goes to the fore. There are many high-quality and won chess positions, a loss of psychophysics to the question of psychophysics. Excessive emotions lead to errors and are not allowed among high-class athletes.
Our school is designed to attach new people to this wonderful sport Chessham.Since, OII development and popularly unknown is forgotten. We want to give the opportunity to people from everyone in the world, without leaving the house, engaged individually with professionals, acquiring many useful qualities only partially listed in this article. Unlike all classes in clubs and circles, our school does not require monotonous and boring records of the material filed, all the information set out by the teacher in the classroom, you get in a format convenient for repetition! Moreover, you get additional materials for homework on chess. The coaching experience of specialists who work in our school is measured by many years. Command from international grandmasters (including Olympic champions), masters (international and national), candidates for the master of sports (loved ones for the power of the masters) will help you and yours Children occupy the first lines of tournament tables in the most responsible competitions, get rid of psychological problems, become leaders, both in life and for a chessboard!
Department of Folk Instruments
Pygilev Andrei Aleksandrovich
Abstract on art philosophy on the topic:
"Chess. Sport, science or art "
Petrozavodsk
1. Introduction ......................................................................3
2. From the history of chess ...................................................... .... 4
2.1 Development of chess ....................................................................... ... 5
2.2 Modern chess ................................................... 8
3. Chess as a sport ................................................ .11
4. Chess from the scientific side .......................................... ..14
5. Chess - Intellectual Art ........................... ... 20
5.1 Chess in art .....................................................23
5.2 Chess philosophy ...................................................... ..25
6. Conclusion .................................................................. 28
7. List of sources used ...................................29
Introduction
Chess look like life
only life is a total war,
and chess - war limited.
Robert Fisher
The modern world remains the question of mysterious phenomenon - chess. What is it? Just a game? Kind of sport? The science? Or direction of art? The purpose of this study is the desire of the author to acquaint readers with chess, and also consider them from all angles to understand the uniqueness of this game.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks are set:
· Short familiarization with the history of Chess
· Find out the features of a chess game in terms of sports, science, art
· Prove the involvement of chess to each of the sections
Chess is part of universal culture. And "big" classic chess not only carry an emotional charge, but also awaken in a person a whole range of qualities contributing to the spiritual growth of the person.
From the history of Chess
History emergence and development chess There are many centuries. Archaeological excavations indicate that games in which it was necessary to move chips on the board, there were even approximately in the IV-III centuries. BC. According to ancient legend, the game of chess was created by some Brahmin. In exchange for your invention, he asked Raja to seemed a minor award: so many grains of millet, how much will fit on a chessboard, if one grain is put on the first cell, on the second - two grains, on the third - four grains, etc. However, In fact, it came out that such a quantity of grain (1.845 × 10 ^ 19 grains, to accommodate which can be in a repository of 180 km³) no on the entire planet. It is not known that everything happened in fact or otherwise, but, anyway, India is considered to be the birthplace of chess. BUT history This once again emphasizes the fact that in chess the number of combinations is infinitely, due to which this ancient interesting game never exhausts itself.
The oldest form of Chess - the military game Chaturanga - appeared in the first century n. e. In India, Cuthuranga was called the type of troops, which included combat chariots (Rutha) - rooks, elephants (hasti), Connection (Ashva) and hiking warriors (Padati). The game symbolized the battle with the participation of four types of troops managed by the leader. The figures were located at the corners of the square board (Astapada) in 64 cells, 4 people took part in the game. The movement of figures was determined by throwing bones. To win in the party, it was necessary to destroy all the troops of opponents. Chaturanga existed in India until the beginning of the 20th century, and its name has changed over time to "Casturraja" - a game of four kings; The figures began to be painted in 4 colors - green, yellow, red and black. The conversion of the Chaturant was the game of the Schtrag (Country), which arose in Central Asia at the end of the V - early VI centuries. In this variation, the game had two "camps" figures and a new figure depicting the King Advisor - Farzine; In the game, only 2 rivals began to take part. The purpose of the game was to put a mat
king rival. Thus, the "case of the case" replaced the "Mind game". In the VIII-IX centuries. The hittrag is penetrated from Central Asia to the East and West, which has become famous under the Arabic names of the Sharant. In the shields (IX-XV centuries), the terminology and the alignment of the shape figures are preserved, but the appearance of the figures has undergone changes. The fact is that religion was against the use of living beings to designate chess pieces, so the Arabs began to use abstract figures in the form of small cylinders and cones. This greatly simplified their creation, which, in turn, contributed to the further dissemination of the game in the masses. The development of the game took place quite slowly, so only the rooks, the king and horse went on modern rules, the range of other figures was extremely limited. For example, the queen was moving only to one field diagonally.
So, the use of abstract images to create chess figures contributed to a change in chess perception - they ceased to be perceived as a symbol of war, battle, and became associated with everyday peripetias, which was reflected in the epic and treatises dedicated to the chess game (Omar Khayam, Saadi, Nizami), opening New Page B. stories Chess.
Development of chess.
In the period of the early Middle Ages (VIII-IXB.) Arabs, as a result of the conquest of Spain, suffered a sharant in Spain. After that, this game began to spread in Western Europe, where a further transformation of the rules continued, which as a result turned the shaft in modern chess.
The modern appearance of Chess acquired only by the XV century, although due to the inconsistency of changes, several centuries in different countries existed their own, sometimes pretty bizarre, the features of the rules. For example, in Italy, until the XIX century, the pawn, which reached the last horizontal, could only be converted into those figures that have already been removed from the board, and walking on the last horizontal, in the absence of such figures, it was not prohibited. In this case, the pawn remained a pawn and turned into the first taking an opponent's figure at the moment when the enemy took her. The castling was also allowed if there is between the rook and the king of the figure and when passing the king of the broken field.
History Chess It is rather rich and, as they spread in Europe, chess and artworks began to appear, telling about this game. The first poem about chess written by Ezroy appeared in 1160. In 1283, the first chess book was published in Europe - the treatise of Alfons X Wise. This book is a significant interest in learning stories ChessSince it contains a description and new European chess, and already extending Schtrand. Approximately 820, the Arabic Sharant Air under the Central Asian name "Chess" appeared in Russia, in Russian, having acquired the name of the "Chess" already known to all of us, having come, or directly from Persia across the Caucasus and Khazar Kaganat, or from Central Asian peoples, through Khorezm. In any case, the Russian name of the game is inherited from Tajiks or Uzbeks, the names of the figures in Russia are also consonant or similar in the meaning of Arabic or Central Asian. Changes in the rules later entered by Europeans, with some intake penetrated Russia, gradually turned old Russian chess into modern. The Arab period is associated with the emergence of the so-called descriptive notation, which has become possible to record the playd games.
However, the Christian Church throughout stories Chess He occupied a sharp negative position, equating them to gambling and drunkenness. But, despite the church prohibitions, both in Europe and in Russia chess applied, and among the clergy, the game was no less (if not more) than among other estates. And already in 1393, Europe, the Regenburg Cathedral seized chess from among the prohibited games. Note that in Russia there is no information about the official abolition of the church ban on chess, but, at least from the XVII-XVIII century, this ban actually did not actually acted. Ivan Grozny played chess. Under Alexei Mikhailovich, chess were distributed among the courtiers, the ability to play them was ordinary among diplomats. In Europe, documents are preserved in the time that it is said that the Russian envoys are familiar with chess and play them quite strongly. He was fond of chess Tsarevna Sophia. In Petr, the Assembly was held with indispensable chess games.
In the XIV-XV centuries. The traditions of Eastern Chess in Europe were lost, and in the XV-XVI centuries. The departure was obvious from them after a number of changes in the rules of the moves of the pawns, an elephant and the queen. But already by the XV-XVI centuries, chess rules were mainly established, thanks to which the development of a systematic chessing theory began. In 1561, the priest Rui Lopez - the author of the popular debut "Spanish Party" - published the first full textbook of Chess, in which the Stages of the Party - Debut, Mittelspil and Endshpil were reviewed now. He first described the characteristic view of the debut - "Gambit", in which the development advantage is achieved by the victim of the material.
A great contribution to the development of a chess theory in the XVIII century, a well-known French musician Francois-Andre Danikan Filter, who has had a huge impact on development stories Chess. He seriously revised the views of the predecessors, above all, the Italian masters, who believed that the best style of the game is an aggressive attack on the opponent's king by all cash and used pawns only as auxiliary material. Fildor has developed the so-called positional style game. He believed that the player should not rush into reckless attacks, and systematically build a strong, stable position, to apply precisely calculated strikes on the weaknesses of the opponent's position, if necessary, resort to exchanges and simplifications if they lead to a profitable endgail. The correct position, according to Filigra, is, first of all, the correct location of the pawns. According to Filvedora, "Pawn - Soul Chess; Only they create an attack and protection, the victory or defeat depends on their good or bad location. Fildor developed the tactics of promoting a foot chain, insisted on the importance of a foot center and analyzed the struggle for the center, was the author of all the well-known "definition of Philidor". In many ways, his ideas lay down in the foundation of the chess theory of the next century. Filvedor's book "Analysis of the Chess Game" became a classic, she sustained 42 publications only in the XVIII century and reprinted repeatedly later.
Modern chess.
In 1886, the first official match for the world championship in the United States took place in the United States stories Chess. The struggle unfolded between the steinets and the ZukerTort. Winning this match, Steinitz became the first world champion. He not only was the strongest chess player, but also the creator of the school of the positional game. Steinits, as it were, laid out the position on the component elements, allocated the most significant, allowing it to objectively assess and outline the most appropriate, most effective action plan. In fact, he suggested a fundamentally new campaign to the game. The basics of its strategy were to gradually accumulate minor advantages, in maneuvering in order to strengthen their position and weakening the enemy.
The value of the positional school for the development and distribution of chess is difficult to overestimate. Instead of a game based on a specific calculation, a purely scientific method was proposed, based on an objective assessment of the advantages and minuses of position.
At the beginning of the 20th century, a new current - modernism appeared in painting, sculpture and music. And at the same time, such a direction such as "hypermodernism" or "neoromanthism" originated in chess. Hypermodernists criticized a number of positional school installations. They, for example, believed that the positional school overestimates the role of a foot center and developed the concept of a figure-mounted center when control over the central fields is carried out not only pawns, but also figures. This led to the emergence of a number of new ones: the debut of retreat for the White, Protection of Nitzovich, the Protection of Grunefeld, Novo Indian and Old Indian Protection, as well as the protection of Alekhina for black.
In addition, hypermodernists abandoned the supporting school of the game in black for a gradual repayment of the white and equation initiative. They strive for counter active actions, to intercept the initiative, to the counterpore.
The representative of the hypermodern chess school of Nitzovich also belongs to the merit in the development and practical application of various maneuvering techniques in the middle of the game - avalanche, prevention, mobility restrictions, blockade, etc.
The main achievement of hypermodernists who had the greatest impact on further study Chess - They made chess again interesting, returned the tactical game, full victims and combinations. Stressing the leading role of the strategy, the positional school involuntarily accumulated the role of tactics. Meanwhile, Siertsovich repeatedly emphasized that the combination should logically derive from the strategy itself. It is essential that in their parties, hypermodernists showed the beauty of the strategy, demonstrated in practice that it, like tactics, fertilize inspiration, fantasy and intuition. Thus, they even more expanded the idea of \u200b\u200bchess as art.
However, representatives of the positional school continued to be dominated at Chess Olympus, and in 1921 Kubinets Hosa Raoul Kapablanca (1888-1942) became the third world champion. For the understanding of the position and technique of the positional game, he was called a "chess machine" and considered invincible. In 1927, winning the match at the Capabalanka, Russian Alexander Alekhin became the fourth world champion (1892-1946). In 1935, Alekhin in the match, held in various cities of Holland, gave way to the Dutchman Max Ave, who became the fifth world champion, but in 1937 he returned the title of champion by defeating the match-revenge.
After the end of World War II, the USSR joined the chess federation - FIDE, and Soviet chess players began to dominate the global chess stage. Of the eight chess players who in the postwar years were crowned with laurels of the world champion in chess, seven grandmasters represented the USSR: Mikhail Botvinnik, Vasily Massselnik, Mikhail Tal, Tigran Petrosyan, Boris Spassky, Anatoly Karpov, Harry Kasparov. The Soviet chess players of Lyudmila Rudenko, Elizaveta Bykov, Olga Rubtsova, Nona Gaprindashvili, Maya Chiburdanidze became champion among women.
Universal computerization and Internet of the end of the 20th - early 21 centuries. greatly influenced the development of chess. In 1997, the computer (Deep Blue) wins the world championship match. Thus, we entered the 21st century and century of computer chess programs.
Chess as sport
Chess are considered sports in more than one hundred states of the world. The main task of sports activities is the manifestation of its own individuality, as well as the achievement of the necessary results. Sports activities pursue not only physical development, but also the improvement of the psycho-emotional characteristics of the personality of man and its intelligence. The listed aspects are partly related to chess, so chess and are considered sports. Many believe that sports is only physical development, and that many athletes do not differ in high intelligence, but practice speaks about the opposite. The largest results are just achieved by intellectuals. Chess is an excellent way to develop not only intelligence, but also the ability to work. They also perfectly improve memory.
The main body engaged in the organization of international chess competitions is FIDE (FIDE, FR. Fédération International Des Échecs), organized in 1924. In many countries of the world, national chess players also exist.
FIDE is a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), but chess as such never belonged to the Olympic Sports. However, sometimes chess fall into a program of multistiversity competitions: for example, men's chess tournaments, women and mixed teams were held in the framework of the Summer Universiade of 2011, the Summer Universiade 2013 as well as chess included in the Asian Games Program.
A separate chess Olympiad is held on chess, which takes place every two years and is a command competition. In addition, chess is among the five main types of world-wide intelligent games.
In 1993, at the initiative of Harry Kasparov and Nagel Short, a professional Chess Association (PSH) was organized. She entered her a number of grandmasters, not agreeing with FIDE policies. PSHA conducted his own chess championship. Exiting until 1996, PSHs stopped his existence, having lost the sponsors, after which the world champions according to the version were called "champions of classic chess".
