Russia on the map. What does it mean to understand and be able to read the card? Why you need to be able to read the card

Why you need to be able to read a map when so many useful gadgets with built-in navigators and other devices that greatly facilitate our lives have greatly facilitated. The answer is simple, in order to hit the extreme situation, thanks to the elementary skills, save your life and get out and navigate on the ground, if you have lost.

Children in schools, already from grade 2 begin to learn to read the card. It is very correct. There is nothing complicated in the study, it is enough to master a total of a couple of important moments, and everything becomes clear. You start reading the map as a regular book.

Why do you need to be able to read the card? First, in order to be able to focus on unfamiliar area. Secondly, to learn to navigate in the landscape and geographic labels. Parents will be useful to know that the card reading skill develops logical thinking in a child, allows him to look at things from different sides and comprehend the information received.

How to read the card correctly?

To understand little, which means every designation on the map. It is important to be able to promote yourself on the site of the map that you study, and this is already the development of fantasy. In order not to confuse the description of the items, it is necessary to learn a good terminology. To know what makes every sign on the map, as far as it is important to study the location and route construction. If you don't know how to know how the wall is designated on the map, then you will fall into trouble.

This is only at first glance all the conditional designations of the card are complex in memorization. It is enough to learn, just a couple of values, and then, you will begin to understand all the signs of the card at the intuitive level.

Why do you need to be able to read the card when I can buy a GPS navigator? Navigator, very useful thing in hike. But, if something happens to him, you will stay alone with nature. The card can get wet, break, but it will retain most of your designations. Always learn how trees, mountains and landscape drops are designated.

Remember that reading the card, you develop, train your brain. Remember all the adventure films that you watched, did the heroes have navigators? No, they deftly read the map, developed the route and found a way out of any situation.

When you start learning, you will disappear by yourself, why can you be able to read the card. You will understand how exciting it and interesting. How to carefully consider schematically drawn landscape and confidently navigate it.

I think no journey, no expedition can do without the use of the card. But take it with you - this is one thing, and how to use it? What do these characters in the corner and numbers mean? For the orientation on the area with the card, it is necessary to be able to competently read, and I want to explain how it is done.

Card concept

The image of our planet or a certain area in a slightly reduced version is called a card. It contains conditional specific signs and a grid with coordinates. Separated on separate types of cards can as follows:

• on their scale;
• by the nature of the territory;
• by content.

Geographical maps may contain separate mainland, separate countries and even small villages. But, in addition to such separation, they can still be with different scale (sizes). For example, large-scale shown the territory in more detail, and small-scale - on the contrary: a large area, but less details. Know the classification of cards, of course, good, but I think the main thing is to be able to read them.

How the process of reading cards is carried out

Before starting the use of the card, you need to decide altogether, whether it is suitable for you. After all, there are different species depending on the destination. If you need to use it on the road, then you will need a road map, for tourists, respectively, tourist.

For correct reading, you must make sure that the map is correctly located. I personally could not understand the problem once, when using the map, came to a very unnecessary place to me. It turned out that I kept her up my legs towards my route. So that such an error was not, you should pay attention to one of the corners, where there is usually a compass, it will help. I also advise you to pay attention to the conditional notation, they can be found on the unused part of the map. It should not be forgotten about the scale because it significantly affects the understanding of the distance to the right place. It can be said that in the use of the card there is nothing complicated, it is only worth being very attentive.

2. Think and write, why do you need to be able to read the map.

To be able to find an object on the map that interests you and put a route to it.

1) Read in the textbook how to determine on the side of the horizon side. Mark them on this map.

2) Read in the textbook, which is indicated on the map various colors. Color how designated on the map:

• Find on the map in the textbook water bodies, plains, mountains.

3) Using the textbook, find out and sign, which indicate these conditional signs.

Assessment of completed work (Is the goal) achieved): the work is made, the goal is achieved.

Presentation: Tell the class of work results, listen and evaluate other messages.

4. Map is a rich source of information. Using the card in the tutorial, take the task.

Option 1. Advanced titles.

Option 2. Determine and write what is listed here.

a) Don, Ob, Lena, Indigirika is rivers.
b) Kursk, Salekhard, Chita, Magadan, Volgograd is cities.

Option 3. Bring examples (2-3 in each item).

a) Islands: New Earth, Northern Earth, Sakhalin.
b) Peninsula: Kamchatka, Taimyr, Kola Peninsula.

Understand the map - it means to have cartographic knowledge: to know what a map is what is its properties, content, destination, which means every conditional sign on it, how to use cards and which is the benefit of this.

To be able to combine conventional signs to make conclusions about the geographical features of countries, "see the locality as it is in fact"

to be able to study and understand with the help of the map placed, the state and the relationship of various phenomena of nature and human society.

The ability to read the map is a higher stage of mastering the card than an understanding of the special chance of building a map. You can know the alphabet of cartography (conventional signs, masses tab, a map projection, etc.), but do not be able to read it. To master the card reading, knowledge and cartographemical and geographical, as well as repeated exercise with cards, as the reading of the cards is the skill and the whole skill is known to be produced as a result of exercises.

What is azimuth?

Azimuth is a way or direction.

Azimuth is the angle between the northern direction and the observed before the meter, it is used for locality orientation. Azimuth is counted with a compass: from the Northern Meridian clockwise and is calculated in degrees from

0 to 360. The concept of azimuth is used in topography, cartography, tourism, aviation, cosmonautics, navigation, astronomy and other areas.

To move on a given azimuth it is necessary:

explore the locality between the initial and end items of the movement on the map;

outline the route of movement, easily recognizable by local subjects;

determine the length of each link of the route on the map;

all data for movement to write to the field book in the form of a table or scheme.

How to determine azimuth on a specific subject?

To determine the azimuth on the ground, it is necessary:

- become a face in the direction of the subject to which the azimuth needs to be determined;

- orient compass, that is, we bring it to zero division (or letter C) under the blackout end of the compass arrow;

- rotating a compass cover, send a visitor device to the subject;

- against the riser adjustment pointer to read the value of azimuth. Azimuts are counted from 0 to 360 ° along a clockwise arrow.

To determine the specified azimuth on the ground, it is necessary:

- establish a signpost of the compass tool to the point over the division corresponding to the specified azimuth value;

- turn the compass so that the pointer of the Vizier is in front;

- turn yourself together with the compass until the zero point coincides with the northern end of the arrows;- the direction of the signpost of the Vizier and will be the direction of the azimuth specified.

Combining a trick line with a direction for the subject (target) is achieved by repeated view of the view from the sight line to the target and back. It is not recommended to rack the mother compass to the eye level, the accuracy of measurement is reduced.

Accuracy of measuring azimuth using compass

Andrianova is a plus minus 2-3 °.

What bonfire groups are you known?

night-head; Day - smoky

For cooking food

For heating

Name the types of fires.

Camps for cooking:

This is the most frequent destination of the fire. In order to cook food do not need pain

shoggy campfire. Need a fire that will give a heat. The figure shows such

The names of the fires (adopted in the royal hunters):

1 - well;

2 - channel;

3 - taiga (for cooking);

4 - Polynesian;

5 - Tipi (Vigvam).

Castras for heating:

The types of fires in order to warm up in winter, look at the drawing and read comments.

The names of the fire (adopted in the royal hunters): 1 - American bonfire;

2 - no);

3 - asterisk;

4 - Taiga (for heating).

Some comments: As you can see the designs of these bonfires, quite complex and this is due to the fact that such bonfires should practically do not need to support and tracking them

How to breed a fire?

Firewood can be divided into three main categories:

"Private" firewoodMaterial material and main firewood. Starting firewood are dry branches and a twig with a diameter of up to 3 cm.

Merging material- Beresta or lower dry branches of ate. They are quickly and hot lit, helping to flare more "heavy" main firing

The main firewood "heavy"- Fluster more than 3 cm in diameter.

Do not use live trees for the fire - they are very bad, and you will apply harm to the forest.

If drying is, but he is not dry, for example, visited the rain, then you can use for extracts and for drying firewood with liquid flammable (for example, benzine). However, it should be remembered that such a fuel is very flawed, and to use it with care!

Laying a fire.

In order to properly fold the fire, first the starting firewood in the form of a shalashik (put the top, resting on each other's top). From above, this design is folded by a mat's mat.

How to save or move the fire?

. You can constantly burn the fire.Then at night you have to be duty. You can coal from the boiled fire fall asleep as a layer of ash, to inflate them in the morningand put dry extract on them. And the fire will break up with a new force. Just try to use firewood in the evening, giving good coals, because some breeds of trees go, leaving only ash.

But how to be if you go to the village and after the night should move?

Then you can doportable Fire Storage "- Torch. To do this, cook a bark, dry moss, thin long rays. Locking moss between the mound, tightly wrap the resulting design of the crust. The torch thickness up to 15 cm and 70 cm long will store the fire about 6 hours.

You can transfer the fire in the device "Wolf Pave". This method of carrying can be used in any weather.

How to get water in extreme conditions?

- Water collection does not represent problems in a wooded and swampy terrain.

- In the mountainous area, water should be sought in cracks and caves.

- In the valleys with loose soil, the water needs to look where the juicy, bright grass grows.

- In the Arctic and high-mountainous areas, water can be obtained from snow or ice. To produce water, you need to use old ice, as it is less salts.- The main source of drinking water in the desert is the system of wells, dodged in lowlands, the rivers of dried rivers, at the base of the dunes and the foot of the rocks.

Moreover:

Tell us about edible plants.

Edible leaves and young shoots:

blackberry, chicory, cypria, sorrel, cumin, creeps white, plantain, currant black, rosehip, linden meltsolis tanya, burdock, dandelion, clover meadow, sick ordinary, coltsfoot, Borshevik dissected, primrose spring, flying, field rhubarb.

Edible roots used raw:

ivan-tea, reed lake, Air, heel medicinal, labaznik Schast, Burning Big, drinking creeping, median.

Edible roots used in the form of flour:

dandelion, reed laxist, coils of snake, hustlese courtesy, rustic rusty, marsh bowl, savory club, yellow, jug, goose, sausage, creep, stitching, crucible.

Recipe consumption of flour from edible roots : Cut, dry, grind, make dough, bake. You can add flour from roots into a grain flour.

You can break the flour: add ordinary bread or sugar, twist and put in a warm place before the appearance of bubbles and sour smell.

Flour from the pita must be soaked for several hours by changing water. A good porridge is brewed from the grind root of the lake.

Methods for storing edible leaves: dried;

sold down like cabbage (for example, young dandelion leaves); make a salty puree (add vinegar and salt) and stored in the cold;

Coffee can be prepared by their roasted and grinding roots of the burdock (the first year of life), dandelion, chicory. There is a lot of rod, there is harmful acid: oxalic acid transfers blood calcium into an insoluble connection.

The tea is suitable:

flowers and leaves: St. John's wort, strawberries, raspberries; cuff; Labacker viscousiste; caraway; Claw white; Leaves: nettle, plantain, currant; Cypea, mother-and-stepmother, median, primrose; Fruits: Lingonberry, Rowan, Bosne Black; Flowers, leaves, fruits: Rosehip, hawthorn.

The edible plant can be unbearable similar relatives.